Although non-R&D innovation activities account for a significant portion of innovation efforts carried out across very heterogeneous economies in Europe, how to incorporate them in to economic models is not always straightforward. For instance, the traditional macro approach to estimating the...

Firms in information and communication (ICT) sector are often considered as an important element of business innovation performance in the economy. This paper is focused on examining their share on innovation and total research and development (R&D) expenditure in selected European countries....

This paper empirically analyzes the economies of scale and economies of scope in the production of research and technology transfer outputs in the Spanish public university system. We employ the flexible fixed quadratic cost (FFQC) function which relates the total university R&D expenditure with...