prices, many initiatives to modernize retail electricity rates seem to be stymied. …There is growing interest in policies, programs and tariffs that encourage customer loads to provide demand response … (DR) to help discipline wholesale electricity markets. Proposals at the retail level range from eliminating fixed rate …

retailers themselves are oftenforced to purchase electricity at volatile wholesale prices set in openmarkets. This results in … anysignificant, rapid demand-side response to the wholesale (or, spotmarket) price. For a variety of reasons, most electricity … ofelectricity, they have no incentive to adjust their consumptionaccordingly. Consequently, demand for electricity is highly …

Large-scale EE programs would modestly increase tariffs but reduce consumers' electricity bills significantly. However … politically acceptable even if tariffs increase. To increase political support, utilities could pursue programs that would result … requirement and thus into consumer tariffs up front. However, the latter approach requires institutionalization of EE as a …

electricity in support of the basic services of generating capacity, energy supply, and power delivery. The Federal Energy … commerce. To date, the electricity industry (including traditional vertically integrated utilities, distribution utilities … pieces of equipment that produce the basic electricity commodity. Thus, the production of energy and ancillary services is …

The ongoing deregulation of electricity industries worldwide is providing incentives for microgrids to use small …

This paper is intended to provide an understanding of the needs of a restructured electricity market and some of the … construction of new transmission using tariffs. The California and PJM transmission planning processes are outlined. The Federal …