We show how leakage differs, depending on the biofuel policy and market conditions. Carbon leakage is shown to have two components: a market leakage effect and an emissions savings effect. We also distinguish domestic and international leakage. International leakage is always positive, but...

Ecotourism, bioprospecting and non-timber product marketing have been promoted recently as market-based instruments for environment al protection, but without sound understanding of the resulting net conservation effects. We present evidence on the local effects of recent argan oil...

We examine the effects of entrance .fees and other factors in visitation to U.S. national park areas under two partially competing hypotheses: 1) fees are significant explanatory variables; and 2) individual area attributes are the primary determinants of visitation rates. (National park areas...