In recent weeks several Iowa policymakers, leaders, and citizens have become interested in proposals involving significant policy reforms and tax increment financing. Much of the discussion is based on the results of a single study based on aggregate approaches that were never designed for the...

This paper studies constrained portfolio problems that may involve constraints on the probability or the expected size of a shortfall of wealth or consumption. Our first contribution is that we solve the problems by dynamic programming, which is in contrast to the existing literature that...