here are based on two empirical studies looking at how uncertainty is dealt with in the implementation process of the EU …

Given that the carbon price in the EU Emissions Trading System is only around 5€/tCO2 while consensus about a more … stringent EU climate policy is very unlikely in the near future, we explore the potential scope and optimal design of additional … national climate policies in the current EU policy framework. In particular, we suggest to implement a type of carbon price …

substitutes within the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for CO2. Firms therefore had a strong incentive to use the cheaper …-related transaction costs, this study examines the use of international offset credits in the EU ETS. It establishes a model of firm … participation in the EU ETS in general, rather than additional participation in the offset trade. …

climate policy addressing global externalities. The debate is particularly salient in Europe, where the EU Emissions … TradingSystem (EU ETS) covers emissions of many traded sectors. In a first step, we review how carbon leakage and the pollution … introduced by the EU ETS has caused carbon leakage in European manufacturing. We compute trade flows in embodied carbon and value …

Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). We explain why there are arguably no significant competitiveness effects on firms, at least … costs indicated by their average share in the budgets of most manufacturing industries may limit the impact of the EU ETS …