reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

This paper examines how firms in an emerging economy are affected by violence due to drug trafficking. Employing rich … plausibly exogenous spatiotemporal variation in the homicide rate during the outbreak of drug-trade related violence in Mexico …, I show that violence has a significant negative impact on plant output, product scope, employment, and capacity …

Mexico has experienced a dramatic increase in violence during the last decade. This increase has been associated with …

seizures, random mandatory drug test results, various measures of harm, violence, and causes of death. I first document a large … increase in NPS availability and an alarming correlation with the steep rise in harm and violence behind bars. I then evaluate … in violence, self-harm, and suicides following the law. Collectively, the findings suggest unwarranted responses to …

This paper studies the effect of female political representation on violence against women. Using a Regression … leads to a reduction in episodes of gender violence. The effect is particularly strong when focusing on incidents of … domestic violence, when the aggressor is the ex-husband/boyfriend, and when victims experienced sexual violence. The evidence …

. Violence and conflicts increased in Mexican municipalities suitable for opium production, as they became highly valuable to drug … cartels. People migrated out of these municipalities to escape this violence, mostly to areas close to the US border and into …