The "Greening" measures of the EU's CAP, implemented in 2015, have been intensively debated in terms of their …-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) (with a particular emphasis on fallow land). We use annual land-use data at …, followed by fallow land and nitrogen-fixing crops. Fallow land decreased until 2015 and slightly increased with the …

biodiversity. This paper uses the staggered introduction of protected-area policies between 1985 and 2020 to study the selection of … land for protection and the causal effect of protection on vegetation cover and nightlights. Our results reveal protection … of land and climate attributes. We conclude that European conservation efforts lack ambition because policymakers select …

environmental impacts of human land-use, including the deployment of renewable energy sources. While exclusion zones may provide …