Two kinds of government intervention in the land market are considered. The first is the control of development, of … controls. Growth control may raise the price of land, allowing an infrastructure charge to be made or growth may be limited by … charging impact fees. The second kind of intervention aims to increase the supply of land, either by direct action, as in the …

biodiversity. This paper uses the staggered introduction of protected-area policies between 1985 and 2020 to study the selection of … land for protection and the causal effect of protection on vegetation cover and nightlights. Our results reveal protection … of land and climate attributes. We conclude that European conservation efforts lack ambition because policymakers select …