- better cushions the poverty effects of income shocks in a developing economy. We compare the effectiveness of the three … benefit schemes on poverty first conceptually and then by considering two different crisis scenarios, the COVID-19 pandemic … the proxy-means-tested benefits are the most effective in reducing the poverty gap index, a simple categorical benefit is …

the differences between standard poverty and inequality measures based on observed income and measures that are calculated …This paper examines the measurement of social welfare, poverty and inequality taking into account features that have … suggest a new notion of equivalent income, the income level with which the individual would be as well off, evaluated using a …

. Further, the reduction of poverty is typically the expressed goal of such countries, and this feature is also taken into … account in our model. We derive the optimality conditions for linear income taxation, commodity taxation, and public provision … of private and public goods for the poverty minimization case, and compare the results to those derived under a general …