A large number of articles have analysed 'the one constant' in the economic effects of trade unions, namely that union …

A large number of articles have analysed ‘the one constant´ in the economic effects of trade unions, namely that union …

In the absence of closed-shops and discriminatory wage policies, union membership can be explained by the existence of … Great Britain, we find evidence for social custom effects in the determination of trade union membership in both countries … which restrict free-riding on union services. The impact of social custom effects tends to be independent of union density …