Until 1935, Federal Reserve Banks from time to time purchased short-term securities directly from the United States Treasury to facilitate Treasury cash management operations. The authority to undertake such purchases provided a robust safety net that ensured Treasury could meet its obligations...

Remarks at the Chapter 9 and Alternatives for Distressed Municipalities and States Workshop, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York City.

Schools are essential in forming human capital and in improving the long-term health of the economy. They are also heavily reliant on state and local funds, which were severely depleted during the Great Recession. To alleviate some of the strain on local budgets, the federal government passed...

This paper proposes a theory of the fiscal foundations of inflation based on imperfect knowledge and learning. The theory is similar in spirit to, but distinct from, unpleasant monetarist arithmetic and the fiscal theory of the price level. Because the assumption of imperfect knowledge breaks...

Remarks at the Japan Society, New York City.

Remarks at the Whitman School of Management at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

Remarks at Queens Chamber of Commerce and Queens Economic Development Corporation, Flushing, New York City.

Remarks at Queens College, Flushing, New York.

Remarks at the Economic Club of New York, New York City.

Remarks before the Morris County Chamber of Commerce, Florham Park, New Jersey.