This paper argues that openness to goods trade in combination with an unequal distribution of political power has been … provision of schooling are typically lower in an open than in a closed economy. Moreover, we find that, under openness to trade …, development is faster in a democratic system. We also endogenize the trade regime and demonstrate that, in political equilibrium …

This paper argues that openness to goods trade in combination with an unequal distribution of political power has been … provision of schooling are typically lower in an open than in a closed economy. Moreover, we find that, under openness to trade …, development is faster in a democratic system. We also endogenize the trade regime and demonstrate that, in political equilibrium …

This paper argues that openness to goods trade in combination with an unequal distribution of political power has been … provision of schooling are typically lower in an open than in a closed economy. Moreover, we find that, under openness to trade …, development is faster in a democratic system. We also endogenize the trade regime and demonstrate that, in political equilibrium …

-colonial autocratic institutions within ethnic groups and the emergence of autocratic institutions across countries. Diversity has … amplified the importance of institutions in mitigating the adverse effects of non-cohesiveness on productivity, while … contributing to the scope for domination, leading to the formation of institutions of the autocratic type. …

This paper argues that openness to goods trade in combination with an unequal distribution of political power has been … provision of schooling are typically lower in an open than in a closed economy. Moreover, we find that, under openness to trade …, development is faster in a democratic system. We also endogenize the trade regime and demonstrate that, in political equilibrium …

, and crops affect economic development only through institutions or policies? We test the endowment, institution, and … development through institutions. We find no evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect country incomes directly other than … through institutions, nor do we find any effect of policies on development once we control for institutions …

consistently examine the contribution of de jure and de facto political institutions to long-run development. The set of novel … institutions on long-run development do not depend on sample selection, specification bias or unobserved heterogeneity. The … counterfactual scenario suggests having de jure and de facto political institutions on a similar level to the United States since …