fertility among minor women, aged 21 or younger, for whom access restrictions were most drastically lifted. We then evaluate how … examining its impact on female fertility control and human capital formation. We find that younger women who grew up in more … liberal areas were much less likely to experience a birth or marriage as a minor, invested more in education, and ended up in …

The old-age security motive for fertility postulates that people's needs for old-age support raise the demand for …-reform pensions and differences in exposure across cohorts, we show that pensions substantially reduce fertility, especially in late … suggest that improving social protection for the elderly could go a long way in fostering fertility decline in Sub …

This article uses China's family planning policies to quantify and explain spillovers in fertility decisions. We test … whether ethnic minorities decreased their fertility in response to the policies, although only the majority ethnic group, the …-specific fertility levels to construct a measure of the negative shock to Han fertility. Combining this measure with variation in the …

reason why certain women did not alter their fertility decisions during this time of economic uncertainty. We also show that …