significant differences between new products and old products. For new products without generic entry, pharmaceutical firms tend … old products with generic competition, pharmaceutical firms resort to wholesale price competition. The government should … after 15 years, which fact shows generic competition has not been fully realized in Japanese market. …

and from the calls that they receive. We obtain that agents' network decision may leads to an inefficient industry … structure where from a social point of view the network competitively chosen by the agents is an inferior one. Under ad …

introduction of competition in network industries makes a firm's incentive to make investments greater than those of a monopolist … charge expands a social benefit flow in the access duopoly, and deters not only the introduction of a new network facility …, but also a positive network externality generated by the construction of an additional bypass network. The feasibility of …

social welfare function. Motivated by the international trend to reduce the number of prices set by regulation, we use a … light handed regulation approach in which the only tool available to the regulator is the access price, and where retail … prices are set by quantity competition in the downstream market. In this setup, we find that a regulator seeking to maximize …