This paper analyzes the persistence of the shock caused by the American Civil War on the relative city size distribution of the United States. Our fi ndings suggest that the effects of this shock were permanent, which sharply contrasts with previous results regarding World War II for Japanese...

This paper studies the effects of forced migration on the educational attainment of second and third generations. Exploring the re-allocation of 8 million expellees to West Germany after World War II using German panel data, the results show that the educational outcomes of the second generation...

Architecture and urban planning have always been deeply involved in the design and building of defense facilities because cities have been centers of economic, political and military power since the dawn of civilization. The famous Roman architect Vitruvius was himself a military engineer before...