trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

gravity models. This measure accounts for cross-industry heterogeneity by incorporating substitution elasticities estimated at … the industry level. We then use it to provide a theory-based ranking of trade integration across manufacturing industries … Technical Barriers to Trade in certain industries as well as high transportation costs associated with heavy-weight goods are …

This paper provides striking confirmation of the restrictions of the structural gravity model of trade. Structural … forces predicted by theory explain 95% of the variation of the fixed effects used to control for them in the recent gravity … sectoral activity and multilateral resistance variables by equating fixed effects with structural gravity counterparts. Our …

used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments …

used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments …

estimate the states’ domestic and foreign market export capacities by a gravity model of trade in keeping with the work of …