, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical … results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries …. Over the period 2006–2018, inequality and poverty estimates display rather different trends across European countries. …

As an alternative to the conventional methods for measuring chronic poverty, this paper proposes an interpersonal … comparable measure of permanent income as a basis for defining and measuring chronic poverty. This approach accounts for the fact … proposed method proves useful for evaluating the theoretical basis of the standard methods for measuring chronic poverty. …

As an alternative to the conventional methods for measuring chronic poverty, this paper proposes an interpersonal … comparable measure of permanent income as a basis for defining and measuring chronic poverty. This approach accounts for the fact … proposed method proves useful for evaluating the theoretical basis of the standard methods for measuring chronic poverty …