This paper incorporates technological interdependence into a neoclassical regional growth framework with imperfect factor mobility, leading to a convergence equation with spatial effects. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of a spatial Durbin panel data model and the...

To serve foreign markets, firms can either export or set up a local subsidiary through horizontal Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The conventional proximity-concentration theory suggests that FDI substitutes for trade if distance between countries is large, while exports become more important...