relative importance of monitoring and monetary incentives in determining a basic measure of effort: presence at work. When … stricter monitoring was introduced together with an average 20% cut in replacement rates for civil servants on short sick leave … substantially decreased when a subsequent policy change brought back monitoring to the pre-reform level, while leaving monetary …

creation of advocates of special interests, as opposed to non-partisans, generates an efficient mechanism of mutual monitoring … that reduces the scope for manipulation. Such monitoring is preferable over imposing penalties for detected manipulation …

predicted by the literature on relationship banking. But these benefits do not come without costs: i) enhanced monitoring is …