Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realised in farming, rural...

Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realised in farming, rural...

Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realised in farming, rural...

Development, at its most basic level, is about making poor people less poor. But how do people actually escape poverty? There are few quantitative models that have been tested over significant historical periods to show how it happens. In this working paper, CGD senior fellow Peter Timmer and...

This research paper has been developed with the intention of shedding light over the major challenges and remedies of rural economy in Afghanistan and also discussing explicitly about the women economic empowerment considering Afghanistan’s context. This paper has been prepared in two parts,...

In 1998 Indonesia embarked on an ambitious course of decentralisation. Over a period of a few years, facilitated by financial transfers from the central government, responsibility for many public services and administrative tasks were devolved to local authorities. This process is continuing....

Over the past few years, organic farming has seen a dynamic development globally. In 2015, the global market for organic products was €81.6 billion, rising to more than €90 billion in 2018 (Światowy rynek produktów ekologicznych osiągnął wartość 90 mld euro 2019). There has also been...

The purpose of this paper is to outline key emerging and conceptual issues in the development of the rural non-farm economy in less developed countries (LDCs) and transition economies. It is based on a conceptual framework where the rural non-farm economy (RNFE) is discussed as being either part...

Urbanisation in China has long been held back by various restrictions on land and internal migration but has taken off since the 1990s, as these impediments started to be gradually relaxed. People have moved in large numbers to richer cities, where productivity is higher and has increased...

This paper uses six nationally representative household consumption surveys to develop successive poverty profiles for Indonesia over a fifteen-year period of sustained high growth followed by rapid contraction. Adopting a ‘cost-of-basic-needs’ approach to poverty determination (an approach...