administrative vital statistics, we find that birth control clinics accounted for 5.0-7.8% of the overall fertility decline until …

factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … their fertility before the demographic transition. Despite controlling for several demand and supply factors, we find a … negative residual effect of women's education on fertility. Instrumental-variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …

The interaction between investment in children's education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the … significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The … increased during the first half of the nineteenth century. -- education ; fertility ; quantity-quality trade-off ; unified …

household outcomes. We find that in cities with a larger kindergarten exposure, families significantly reduced fertility, with …. Households reduced fertility because kindergarten attendance increased returns to education, but it also led to higher …

We question the received wisdom that birth limitation was absent among historical populations before the fertility …-run effect of living standards on birth spacing in the three centuries preceding England's fertility transition. While the effect … England's historical leadership as a low population-pressure, high-wage economy. -- spacing ; birth intervals ; fertility …

instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by … previous-generation fertility and sex-imbalance ratio, we find that causation between fertility and education runs both ways …. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905. -- schooling ; fertility transition ; unified …

, villages, and manors in 1871 Prussia. We study religion, literacy, fertility, and group segregation by location type (town … it is in villages and manors. Finally, a larger share of Jews is associated with lower fertility in towns, which is not …