This paper emphasizes that the evolution of religious institutions in Europe was influenced by the expansionary threat … rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …

This paper emphasizes that the evolution of religious institutions in Europe was influenced by the expansionary threat … rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …

ultimate determinants of conflict. However, fractionalization in all its demographic forms is endogenous in the long run. In … the relationship between fractionalization and the propensity of internal conflict statistically insignificant. Finally …

sociopolitical institutions because they (a) involve a strong degree of increasing returns to scale and the natural monopoly powers …

examine the roles of ethnicity and religion in conflict and war. Based on one theory, the Ottoman conquests were driven by the …, covering the era between 1453 C. E. and 1699 C. E. In this paper, I exploit the empire’s unique culture and institutions to …

We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between … the time of the election. We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We … find that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict …

sociopolitical institutions because they (a) involve a strong degree of increasing returns to scale and the natural monopoly powers …