This paper emphasizes that the evolution of religious institutions in Europe was influenced by the expansionary threat … rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …

ultimate determinants of conflict. However, fractionalization in all its demographic forms is endogenous in the long run. In … the relationship between fractionalization and the propensity of internal conflict statistically insignificant. Finally …

sociopolitical institutions because they (a) involve a strong degree of increasing returns to scale and the natural monopoly powers …

examine the roles of ethnicity and religion in conflict and war. Based on one theory, the Ottoman conquests were driven by the …, covering the era between 1453 C. E. and 1699 C. E. In this paper, I exploit the empire’s unique culture and institutions to …

capital” of traditional institutions? How were they affected by social constraints on women? It finds that people in central … Europe did desire to increase market work and consumption. But elites used the “social capital” of traditional institutions …

Religion was one of the factors that was frequently identified by seventeenth- and eighteenth-century economists as …

enough to surpass other provinces. The great conflict at the beginning of the XX th century changed everything as the …

, which we exploit to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclaveon conflict. We find that an increase of one standard … deviation in our measure ofpolarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict by between 2 and 3 percentin a given year and … the largest and oldest organizations from violent conflict to religiousmatters. …