the household. Using a sample of PSID-CDS children, we investigate whether the birth order effects in their outcomes are …

mothers in Germany. While mothers using center-based care spend significantly less time in the presence of their child, we … relatively small or zero. The pattern of results is more pronounced for lower education mothers. The lack of large decreases in … activities, but these are compensated for by lower education mothers during non-center hours. Our findings represent novel …

The impact of children's early development status on parental labor market outcomes is not well established in the … provide evidence that mothers substitute working time with childcare to compensate for early disadvantages. We do not find any … responds of fathers to early child development. …

-education women. This leads to lower reading scores among children, primarily as a result of mothers shifting away from formal care … employment and fertility among women, as well as long-run cognitive outcomes among children. A structural life-cycle model of …-scale child care reform, which provided generous cash transfers to mothers who did not use formal child care facilities. Combining …