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season 2009-2010) and the UEFA Champions League (in season 2010-2011) was associated with lower referee bias. To this end, we … means of bivariate probit regression models. We find evidence for substantial referee bias before the introduction of … of referee bias and that they are not just picking up a general time evolution towards less referee bias or the effect of …
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Information on the number of interviewer contacts allows insights into how people's responses to questions on happiness are connected to the difficulty of reaching potential participants. Using the paradata of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), this paper continues such research by...
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The aim of the research was to analyze the gender bias in teaching efficacy scale. The measurement based on the teacher …
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, yet sides lines do not show a similar bias. While market participants generally force line movements in the correct … direction from open to close, they do not fully remove the identified bias in totals lines. This inefficiency enables a …
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A standing issue is how to measure bias in Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. We devise a novel method of … capture political bias in ChatGPT. Our results indicate that, by default, ChatGPT is aligned with Democrats in the US. Placebo … tests indicate that our results are due to bias, not noise or spurious relationships. Robustness tests show that our …
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