In Japan, many local mixed enterprises owned and operated jointly by local governments and private sectors had been established from the late 1980's to the early 1990's in order to provide public services more efficiently. At present, in Japan, many local mixed enterprises are confronted with a...

We study the effects of financial sanctions on cross-border credit supply. Using a differences-in-differences approach to analyze eleven sanctions episodes between 2002 and 2015, we find that banks located in Germany reduce their positions in countries with sanctioned entities by 38%. The...

In this paper we analyze the risks the European Telecom market is experiencing. Many economic disincentives to investing in infrastructure are related to the fact that market value of the companies can be lower than expected. Next Generation Networks (NGN) deployment require great amounts of...