of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … hypotheses derived from the theory. …

evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

In the theory of public enforcement of law the choice of the liability rules is between strict liability and fault …