Purpose – This chapter examines the roles and challenges for the Irish economy in the aftermath of the collapse of the Celtic Tiger and the onset of the 2008 economic crisis. Specifically it does review the role that Government, the Central Bank of Ireland, and the Financial Regulator had...

When Roosevelt abandoned the gold standard in April 1933, he converted what had been effectively real government debt into nominal government debt to open the door to unbacked fiscal expansion. We argue that he followed a state-contingent fiscal rule that ran nominal-debt-financed primary...

The Korean economy grew at an annual average rate of 3% in 2011-2018, which appears to be a downward trend and not a temporary setback. A prolonged growth accounting reveals that the Korean economy will likely grow to a low-to-mid 2% (annual average) in the 2020s when productivity is expected to...

This paper takes stock of the global economic recovery a decade after the 2008 financial crisis. Output losses after the crisis appear to be persistent, irrespective of whether a country suffered a banking crisis in 2007-08. Sluggish investment was a key channel through which these losses...

The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic has triggered a deep global economic recession. The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) shock is the most adverse peacetime shock to the global economy in a century. The Russian Federation possesses a high-quality education system that is recognized internationally....

The objective of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is to recover species that are at risk of extinction. The Act establishes a linear process that begins with a determination that a species is to be listed because it faces an unacceptable risk of extinction, moves through recovery planning and...