wages reflect this, with lower pay for greater uncertainty. We use the dispersion of exam grades within a field of education … as an indicator of the unobserved heterogeneity that employers face. We find solid evidence that starting wages are lower …

union density on firm productivity and wages in the population of Norwegian firms over the period 2001 to 2012. Increases in … union density lead to substantial increases in firm productivity and wages having accounted for the potential endogeneity of …

affects labor markets in sending countries, particularly the wages of workers who do not emigrate. Most studies find that … emigration increases wages in the sending country but only for non-emigrants with substitutable skills similar to those of … country loses many highly educated workers, the economy can become less productive altogether, leading to lower wages for …