way of characterizing these interactions, but complicates both interpretation and estimation of parameters of interest …. The estimation of these models leads to three fundamental challenges: the “reflection problem,” the presence of omitted … or spatial differencing—used to address these problems in reduced form estimation. These general lessons carry over to …

. Their regional distribution varies distinctly across Germany implying different requirements in distribution grids as well … and the underlying drivers in Germany. We extend previous findings not only by including additional explanatory variables … but also by considering cross-regional spillover using spatial econometric models. Estimation results show that spatial …

concerned with an extensive spatio-temporal panel database related to the evolution of urban population in Germany. We test the …