country facing the sanctions is likely to develop trade relations with third parties that are not part of the sanction …While economic sanctions may be attractive policy tools for governments wanting to express discontent with a country …'s behaviour, it is arguable if from an economic perspective sanctions can achieve the change that is often envisaged through the …

and trade finance, particularly those receiving trade loans. Results show that a percent increase in trade finance loan is … associated with 0.067-0.083 percent increase in export earnings depending on the model. When we proxy trade finance by the sum of … trade finance loans and export-adjusted notes receivable, elasticity estimates range between 0.18-0.31 depending on the …

century. Secondly, in one area of economic activity - trade in government procurement markets - the revised WTO Agreement on … Government Procurement (GPA) is emerging as a multi-dimensional tool of trade, governance and development. The thesis of this …

phenomenon and hard data needed to analyze its consequences on trade and investment flows are still scarce. Given the available …

Using monthly data on trade in goods between January 2016 and May 2023, this study assesses the impact of recent shocks … effects show that trade flows have become more sensitive to geopolitical distance since the start of the war in Ukraine …, leading to the first signs of overall trade fragmentation along geopolitical lines, i.e. friend-shoring. Trade in goods …

Trade finance shortfalls now appear regularly. Does this matter for trade expansion and economic development in … developing countries? Global trade finance has resumed following the 2009 global financial crisis. However, the pattern of … recovery has been uneven across countries and categories of firms. The recovery has been robust for the main routes of trade …

analysis in practice. -- WTO ; DSU ; arbitrations ; reciprocity ; retaliation ; market access ; terms-of-trade externality …

Economic theory has made considerable progress in explaining why sovereign countries cooperate in trade. Central to … most theories of trade cooperation are issues of self-enforcement: The threat of reprisal by an aggrieved party maintains … explaining why countries choose to settle and enforce their trade disputes with the help of an impartial third party, a “trade …

their use of the DSM, especially when their use of the mechanism is compared to their participation in world trade. This …

Commitments in regional trade agreements (RTAs) that fall short of the same countries' obligations under the General … Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) are a relatively frequent phenomenon. However, they have gone widely unnoticed in the …. -- Trade in Services ; GATS ; Regionalism …