This paper provides a simply theory to explain the impact of sanctions on a regime's policies and behavior. Sanctions … discontent in the population. We show however that sanctions may give legitimacy to an incumbent government by influencing the … state of nature sanctions build resilience as long as religious ideology among the population is strong, at bad times they …

effective in preventing contract violation up to a critical level of absorptive capacity. We relate this to the US Trade …

favours openness to trade at an early stage of development, while an autocrat complying with the preferences of capitalists … chooses to shelter the economy from trade. The trade regime interacts with economic institutions, and with policies on capital … economy attractive to foreign investors. Allowing for trade and foreign capital inflows are thus complementary policies that …

systematically larger along the pre-Islamic trade routes in the Old World. The theory argues that this particular type of geography … economic performance. It suggests that the unequal distribution of land endowments conferred differential gains from trade …, capital accumulation remained low and wealth inequality bounded. Geography and trade shaped the set of economically relevant …

This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine and in turn … presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior from the … redistribution featuring direct income transfers in return for safe passage to conduct trade. A commitment problem, however, rendered …