effective in preventing contract violation up to a critical level of absorptive capacity. We relate this to the US Trade …

. The impact of PI on innovation is determined by the degree of heterogeneity between firms and trade costs. Increasing … trade costs shifts from the market share losses brought by PI from the more to the less productive firm. This induces the … ; Innovation ; Trade Costs ; Welfare …

systematically larger along the pre-Islamic trade routes in the Old World. The theory argues that this particular type of geography … economic performance. It suggests that the unequal distribution of land endowments conferred differential gains from trade …, capital accumulation remained low and wealth inequality bounded. Geography and trade shaped the set of economically relevant …