Oceania with the PISA 2009 data from 45 origin countries or regions. In addition to the level of societal gender equality of … the origin and destination countries (the gender empowerment measure, or GEM) we use macro indicators of the educational … higher levels of gender equality have higher reading scores than comparable migrant sons (but this is not the case for math …

discrimination by gender, findings that are robust to a wide variety of potential concerns. We observe heterogeneity in both … discrimination and favoritism by nationality and by gender in the distributions of graders preferences. We show that a changing …

differences in achievement into gender differences in endowments and returns to IQ and non-cognitive factors. This descriptive … resources and take similar advantage of these resources. Our findings indicate that gender differences in resources with respect …

recommendation as compared to the other recommendations, for students whose parents have a tertiary education degree are between 1 ….6 and 3.6 times greater than for students whose parents only have a primary education degree. For the math exit test score I …