Producers or consumers faced with an increase in taxes are usually able to shift parts of it to other levels in the value chain. We examine who is actually bearing the burden of increased energy taxes in the EU-area - consumers or exporters. Traditional tax incidence theory presumes spot...

One of the main factors in achieving the ecological development goals is the change of unsustainable consumption patterns. Households play here a crucial role. The high level of urbanization and industrialization in the Silesian Voivodeship has caused serious environmental degradation, which in...

This paper uses a theoretical model with Directed Technical Change to analyse the observed heterogeneous energy intensity developments. Based on the empirical evidence on the underlying drivers of energy intensity developments, we decompose changes in aggregate energy intensity into structural...