exact emission reduction targets for 2020 are ambiguous, but considerably more ambitious than Ireland's obligations under EU … legislation. EU legislation severely constrains the options for domestic climate policy so that the extra emission reduction would … bill for 2020 would require draconian policies. It would be better to keep the EU targets for 2020. The targets for 2030 …

policy is well-designed, a condition not met by planned EU policy. It is probably twice as expensive as needed, costing one … in ten years of economic growth. The EU targets for 2020 are unlikely to meet the benefit-cost test. For a standard …

together give fuel use and emissions and the costs of purchase, ownership and use. We use the model to project the car stock …