A quarter-century after reunification, labor productivity in eastern Germany continues to lag systematically behind the …, capital intensity in eastern Germany, especially in industry, has overshot values in the West, casting doubt on the embodied …

experiment. We analyze whether the slow-down in convergence in per capita income between East and West Germany since the mid-1990 …s and the lower international openness of East Germany are linked. We address the endogeneity of openness by adapting …