Product (GDP) in China by applying fractional integration and cointegration methods. These are more general than the standard … integration being around 2, whilst the cointegration tests (using both standard and fractional techniques) imply that there exists …

fractional integration and cointegration methods. The univariate results indicate that the two series are highly persistent …, their orders of integration being around 2, whilst the cointegration tests (using both standard and fractional techniques …