This paper describes broad regional and temporal trends in the evolution of international trade and international … factor flows between 1700 and 1870, including key differences in trade costs across space and time. We find trade links in … to these differences, the chapter lays out theoretical reasons for links between trade and economic growth and examines …

This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine. We build a … model where an unequal distribution of land quality in presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from … trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior by groups residing in the poorly endowed territories. We show that in …

This paper develops an approach to measuring the intensity of competition in international markets. The method measures …

hypotheses by relying heavily on nominal spice prices from Venice and the Levant. This paper revisits Lane%u2019s hypotheses by …

political power of those regions in Congress. The paper also addresses the impact of trade policies on the U.S. economy, such as …This survey reviews the broad changes in U.S. trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have … been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict …

In this chapter, we describe long-run trends in global merchandise trade and immigration from 1870 to 2010. We revisit … interwar period, and then rebounded (but with much more pronounced growth in trade than in immigration). More substantively, we … the composition of merchandise trade towards manufactured goods precisely dating from 1950. Finally, using a triple …

We study the causal connection between trade and development using one of the earliest massive trade expansions: the …

comparisons from long ago is that before the great 1870-1914 wave of trade globalization, consumer staples were not traded over … great distances, and regions specialized in narrow luxury trade. Inter-continental price ratios for subsistence goods thus …

International trade became much less multilateral during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows …, have argued that discriminatory trade policies had comparatively little to do with this. Using highly disaggregated … information on the UK's imports and trade policies, we find that policy can explain the majority of Britain's shift towards …