In this paper, we seek to ascertain whether the recently developed ordered fuzzy number (OFN) representation of a limit order book (LOB) by Marszałek and Burczyński (2024) may serve as a measure of stock liquidity. In particular, we aim to test whether this measure contains similar or distinct...

This study evaluates the early impact of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) on key financial indicators in The Bahamas, focusing on the introduction of the SandDollar-the world's first fully implemented retail CBDC. Using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM), the analysis constructs...

Effective monetary policy requires maintaining the short-term interbank rate close to the policy rate while limiting its volatility, ensuring smooth transmission, and reducing banks' liquidity and interest rate risks. This paper seeks to identify and explain the drivers of volatility in...

This policy paper examines the effects of the introduction of the MiFID II / MiFIR framework on the transparency regime for sovereign bonds. The main purpose of the framework is to provide markets with real-time information and lower market asymmetries, thereby increasing liquidity in the...

Using 33 years of intraday Treasury data, we provide the first high-frequency evidence on auction-day price pressure: yields rise in the hours before auction and reverse afterward. This pressure strengthens when dealers face tighter risk-bearing constraints and weakens when investor demand is...

Securities dealers play a central role intermediating funds in the U.S. short-term money markets. This intermediation involves risk, which can be mitigated by holding buffers of liquid securities. The cost of holding these buffers - the liquidity risk premium - is driven by the opportunity cost...

Bank failures can stem from runs on otherwise solvent banks or from losses that render banks insolvent, regardless of withdrawals. Disentangling the relative importance of liquidity and solvency in explaining bank failures is central to understanding financial crises and designing effective...

Fiat-backed stablecoins are expanding, and their issuers may attain systemic relevance as reserve portfolios grow and as they become increasingly intertwined with financial markets. This paper analyzes the resulting risks and the design choices that can mitigate them. A detailed...

We argue that the rapid asset growth of nonbank financial intermediaries (NBFIs) relative to banks is the outcome of transformations of risks between banks and NBFIs that increase the interconnectedness of the two sectors. These transformations are consistent with avoiding tighter, post-GFC bank...

The Financial Lobster Bias describes how SMEs, driven by distorted liquidity perceptions, engage in aggressive expansion until financial breakdown occurs. Using data from 10,412 Spanish SMEs (2000-2024), this study shows that liquidity misperception-measured through two versions of the Liquidity...

The financial crisis of 2007-2008 highlighted the risks that liquidity spirals pose to financial stability. We introduce a novel method for studying liquidity spirals and use this method to identify spirals before stock prices plummet and funding markets lock up. We show that liquidity spirals...

This paper examines the relationship between location, liquidity, and prices in housing markets. We construct spatial datasets for German and U.S. cities and show that liquidity and prices decline with distance to the city center. To rationalize these results, we build a structural model with...

This article examines U.S. Treasury securities market functioning from the global financial crisis (GFC) through the Covid-19 pandemic given the ensuing market developments and associated policy responses. We describe the factors that have affected intermediaries, including regulatory changes,...

The period after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was characterized by a considerable risk migration within global liquidity flows, away from cross-border bank lending towards international bond issuance. We show that the post-GFC shifts in the risk sensitivities of global liquidity flows are...

This study examines the impact of firms' overall corporate policy risk on stock liquidity. This study constructs a novel overall corporate policies risk index (PRI) for firms by capturing risk embedded in managers' different policy decisions, such as investment, financing, diversification, and...

Conventional measures of bank solvency fail to account for the unique liquidity risks posed by deposits. Using public regulatory data, we develop a novel measure, economic capital, that jointly quantifies the impact of credit, liquidity, and market risk on bank solvency. We validate that...

Liquidity requirements for commercial banks improve risk-sharing for depositors. Nevertheless, shadow banks, issuing securities with lower liquidity, operate outside such regulatory constraints. In an economy featuring shadow banks with a constant level of liquidity for shadow bank securities,...

Using Credit Default Swaps (CDS) on sovereign bonds, we investigate whether US sovereign default risk is a greater driving factor of domestic interbank funding risk than domestic sovereign default risk across the five Libor counties including Canada and Australia. We use equivalent-country...

This study investigates whether cryptocurrency investments have a distinct impact on corporate liquidity depending on when they are held and the stage of a firm's life cycle at the time of holding, using a sample of Korean companies. The empirical findings first show that cryptocurrency...

Banks are reluctant to tap central bank backup liquidity facilities and use the borrowed funds for loans to the real economy. We show that excessively parsimonious borrowing and lending can arise in a stigma-free model where the banking sector has an incentive to overissue deposits. Banks don't...

Exploiting the recalibration of ECB's outstanding central bank funding in 2022, we show that a sharp reabsorption of bank liquidity induces a tightening impact on credit supply, as intended when central banks reduce their balance sheets. The tightening originates from the sudden relative...

We develop a quantitative macroeconomic framework with heterogeneous financial intermediaries and active liquidity management. In the model, banks manage uninsured, idiosyncratic deposit withdrawal risk through an iterative over-the-counter interbank market with endogenous intensive and...

Central banks around the world routinely engage in asset purchases in secondary markets as part of implementing monetary policy or enhancing market liquidity, but the effects of such interventions are not yet fully understood. We develop a multi-asset general equilibrium model in which the...

This study investigates the liquidity dynamics in non-traditional financial markets by simulating trading environments for fractional ownership of illiquid alternative investments, grounded in empirical tick data from a Swiss FinTech platform covering December 2022 to June 2024. The research...