The traditional farming methods named as zero budget natural farming is the unique approach and startup solution for green revolution. I thought forest does not required human assistance for their existence growth, buts its feed the forest inhabitants and fulfill former demand of rain to...

We are in the race against time to find new solutions amidst the threat of climate change, to increase food production by 70% to feed the ever-growing world population which is expected to double by 2050. Agricultural research plays astonishing roles in crop and livestock improvement through...

Unlike in many other countries, in Bulgaria, there is no comprehensive analysis of the governance, state, efficiency and evolution of the system of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS). This chapter presents the results of a large-scale study on the governance, efficiency, and...

The results of the activity of the research/development sphere in the Republic of Moldova play an important role in dynamism of the sustainable development of the basic branches of the national economy: agriculture and the food industry. They contribute essentially to providing the country with...

This open access book is an important reframing of the role of innovation in agriculture. Dr. Campos and his distinguished coauthors address the need for agriculture to feed a growing global population with a reduced environmental footprint while adapting to and mitigating the effects of...

This paper surveys some of the key themes in European agricultural policy research in recent decades. It identifies three main drivers of this research: a gradual broadening of the scope of the discipline in response to changing political priorities and values; an enlarged toolbox of policy...

Foresight and trade-off analyses offer organizations such as CGIAR an opportunity to better prepare for alternative futures through adaptive research strategy and management. This essay introduces a set of papers that explore foresight and trade-off analyses within the context of the major...

Tradeoff Analysis (TOA) is an approach to positive analysis that combines foresight analysis and simulation modeling tools from the relevant disciplines, including economics, in a participatory process designed to formulate and evaluate forward-looking, strategic decisions under high levels of...

This article provides an overview of the emerging plant variety protection (PVP) systems in Southeast Asia. The case studies are from countries that form part of the regional Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), mainly Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. The focus will be...

Returns to agricultural research are of significant interest to funding bodies and research administrators. Ex-ante economic analyses have increasingly formed part of decision-making process of allocating funds to agricultural research proposals. ex-ante analyses are required to present economic...

The goal of this paper is to access the state, specify trends, and identify intervention needs of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) in Bulgaria, and assist policy formation for the next programing period. Modern scientific approaches of SWOT, Strategic Orientation, Gap...

Knowledge flow systems are an essential component of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS). A traditional view of a knowledge flow system would include research as a source of knowledge, extension and education as knowledge and information channels, and agricultural entrepreneurs...

Feeding the world’s growing population is one of the most critical policy challenges for the 21st century. With tightening constraints on water, arable land, and other natural resources, agricultural innovation is quickly becoming the most promising path meet the nutrient needs for future...

Work from home or remote working has been seen as a buzzword during pre-COVID-19 times has become a reality during COVID-19 Pandemic starting March 2020 and will stay for a longer period in India. In this empirical study the researchers present outcome an empirical study carried out surveying...

This paper gives insight on organization, financing and productivity of agricultural research in Bulgaria during the period after country’s accession to EU. The analysis is predominately based on the research carried out in the Agricultural Academy – the main institutions responsible for the...

The aim of this paper is to present new CAP solutions for 2014-2020, concerning sustainable development of agriculture. The basis for this research is the papers and reports prepared by the Institute within the framework of the Multi- Annual Programme for 2011-2014. Analysis of these works is...

State crop, livestock,and aggregate agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) data, 1950–82, are examined for evidence of convergence to a single TFP level (σ‐convergence) or to a steady state rate of growth (β‐ or conditional convergence). Our empirical results do not support...

We review intellectual property rights in agriculture and outline a modeling framework that accounts for relevant institutional features of agricultural R…D. The analysis emphasizes vertical market linkages whereby agricultural innovations adopted by farmers are produced upstream by input...

A conceptual analysis of important issues in the organization and management of academic research is presented. Principal‐agent theory is applied to derive optimal compensation schemes for scientists when they differ in ability, risk aversion, cost of effort, and reservation utility, and to...

The welfare implications of intellectual property protection (IPP) for private sector agricultural research are analyzed, focusing on the realistic cases where countries provide different IPP levels, technology spills over across countries, and the public sector is involved in research. A model...

This article examines the impact of public agricultural research and extension on agricultural total factor productivity at the state level. The objective is to establish whether federal formula or competitive grant funding of agricultural research has a greater impact on state agricultural...

Reported rates of return to agricultural R&D are generally high, but they are likely to be biased, particularly because of attribution problems—mismatching research benefits with costs. The importance of attribution biases is illustrated here with new evidence for Brazil. During 1981–2003,...

Hurley, Rao and Pardey (2014) analytically and empirically evaluate the internal rate of return (IRR) vis a vis the modified internal rate of return (MIRR) for investments in agricultural research and development (R&D). They find that estimates of the IRR are 2.5 to 5 times larger than the MIRR...

Applicability of the induced innovation hypothesis—that a change in relative input prices induces innovation to economize use of the increasingly expensive input (Hicks 1932)—is examined for U.S. public agricultural research. A reduced‐form test is developed using input prices from the...

At odds with a vast body of economic evidence reporting exceptionally high rates of return to investments in agricultural research and development (R&D), growth in public R&D spending for food and agriculture has slowed in numerous, especially rich, countries worldwide. The observed R&D spending...

This article proposes a proactive approach for analyzing agricultural adaptation to climate change wherein agricultural production technologies are regarded as potential targets of research and development (R&D) efforts. We develop a structural land‐use model wherein farmers maximize profit by...

We use newly constructed state‐specific data to explore the implications of common modeling choices for measures of research returns. Our results indicate that state‐to‐state spillover effects are important, that the research and development lag is longer than many studies have allowed,...

Standard analyses of social benefits of public agricultural research expenditures in the presence of commodity policies take the commodity policy as fixed. In reality governments adjust commodity policy levels when the research has important income distributional effects. We use two examples of...

Partial and total factor productivity (TFP) measures of Mexican agriculture are calculated for 1960–90. The long‐run effects of research and international transfer of technology on TFP are examined over the 1940‐90 period using cointegration procedures. TFP increased at an average annual...