We utilize Bayesian model averaging to estimate a stochastic discount factor (SDF) for single-stock options. A Bayesian model averaging SDF outperforms reduced-form benchmark models in-sample and out-of-sample in pricing option return anomalies and portfolios. We document that the SDF is dense...

Slightly over fifty years ago, the Black-Scholes option pricing model revolutionized investing by enabling a shift from linear to non-linear payoff structures. Myron Scholes later published two papers documenting the performance of passive option strategies that outperformed the underlying index...

This study aims to examine the impact of option incentives on corporate innovations in the representative emerging and transition economy. By utilizing the Chinese dataset, we find a noteworthy positive impact of option incentives on two dimensions of innovation: inputs and outputs. These...

This study aims to verify the effect of stock option compensation paid to executives on company’s earnings volatility. To this end, we looked at the impact of stock option compensation on executives' decision-making under economic policy uncertainty (EPU). We empirically demonstrated that...

This paper proposes machine learning-based option pricing models that incorporate firm characteristics. We employ two semi-parametric models, one that uses machine learning to predict the implied volatility and the other to correct the pricing error of the Black-Scholes model and use 114 firm...

Recent years have seen a reemergence of the practice of awarding “mega grants” to CEOs. Mega grants are large, one-time equity awards granted in lieu of or in addition to annual awards with the intended purpose of providing significant incentive to the CEO to achieve long-term targets. The...

Execution protocols for complex options orders allow market participants to execute multi-leg trades such as verticals, calendars, straddles, strangles, and others as a single trade at a net price. The costs to execute complex orders are significantly lower than the costs of simple orders. Part...

The relationship between compensation, performance, and risk in a sample of Pakistani banks, using panel data for 20 banks from 2011 to 2021 has been examined in this research. To the best of researcher's knowledge, this is one of the first study examining the relationship between performance,...

This study investigates the impact of excluding stock options for non-executive directors (NEDs) on the relationship between executive pay and firm performance. The research focuses on accounting measures and market performance. Using a sample of 220 non-financial firms, including 110 listed...

As stock-based compensation plans for executives of listed companies have come to the fore, this has sparked social controversy over stock options, one of the stock compensation schemes widely used by Korea’s companies. A stock option plan is a compensation mechanism designed to alleviate...

We propose a theoretically motivated and empirically robust factor model for option returns. The model consists of factors based on option illiquidity, option price, implied-minus-realized volatility, implied-minus-realized skewness, implied-minus-realized kurtosis, and the option market factor....

Managers are involved in corporate management activities and actively intervene in major managerial decisions to make decisions that maximize firm profits. Since CEO's personal disposition influences the decision of risky investment project, the higher the CEO's overconfidence, the more...

We study the relation between a comprehensive set of firm characteristics and the entire universe of individual equity option prices. We find that 42 out of 86 characteristics are priced in the option market, in the sense that they significantly explain differences in the implied volatility...

Using the agency, resource-based view, stakeholder, and stewardship theories, we investigate the relationship between chief executive officers' (CEOs') stock options, long-term debt, cash/sales turnover, and firm performance. Our empirical analysis suggests that these theories contribute to...

AbstractDivergent views exist about the impact of equity-based compensation on monitoring by Non-Executive Directors (NEDs) Prior studies report conflicting results mainly because of the endogeneity problem, which were not addressed or addressed using ineffective techniques. This study attempts...

This research brief delves into the intricate domain of share buyback execution, particularly focusing on the temporal optionality aspect, which has been overlooked in traditional execution practices. Using a novel dataset sourced from regulatory filings on share buybacks, we employ Monte Carlo...

This research brief delves into the intricate domain of share buyback execution, particularly focusing on the temporal optionality aspect, which has been overlooked in traditional execution practices. Using a novel dataset sourced from regulatory filings on share buybacks, we employ Monte Carlo...

This hypothesis paper explores a potential anomaly within the realm of share buybacks, positing an inevitable brokerage outperformance due to temporal optionality. The hypothesis under examination is that brokerage firms, regardless of stock price movements, can consistently outperform due to...

In seeking to replace accounting ‘conventions’ by ‘concepts’ in the pursuit of principles-based standards, the FASB/IASB joint project on the conceptual framework has grounded its approach on a well-known definition of ‘income’ by Hicks. We welcome the use of theories by accounting...

We survey a growing field studying aspects of finance that are potentially illegal, illicit, or immoral. Some of the literature is investigative in nature to uncover malfeasance that is recent and possibly ongoing. Other forensic finance research examines past events to generate a fuller...

We document evidence that the CEOs who lead the firms that face higher climate change risk (CCR) receive higher equity-based compensation. Our finding is consistent with the compensating-wedge-differential theory and survives numerous robustness and endogeneity tests. The result is more...

We show that much of the profitability in equity option return strategies, which try to capture option mispricing by taking exposure to underlying volatility, can be explained by an IPCA model. The alpha reduction, relative to competing static factor models, is between 50% and 75% depending on...

While the literature appeals to efficiency arguments from agency theory to explain the relative rise of CEO equity compensation, prior work has given less focus to CEO pay contracts based on equity and cash incentives that directly (analytically) maximize the total return of firm owners. The...

We examine whether pay differentials between the chief executive officer (CEO) and vice presidents (VPs) can be explained by firms’ strategic priorities. We find that firms that pursue prospector-type strategies have a larger CEO−VP difference in equity compensation. We argue that such a pay...

We investigate the equilibrium interest rate charges on non-recourse and recourse loans secured by stock. In such loans the client retains the option to prepay and recover the collateral stock. We adopt a structural model of the firm where debt levels, with endogenous bankruptcy, affect equity...

We use option prices to test if monetary policy has a significant impact on stock market participants' expectations. We find that, with loose monetary policy, traded equity put (call) options are significantly cheaper (more expensive) versus tight monetary policy. Higher call option prices...

We show that much of the profitability in equity option return strategies, that try to capture option mis-pricing by taking exposure to underlying volatility, can be explained by an IPCA model. The alpha reduction, relative to competing static factor models, is between 50% and 75% depending on...