The European Union has yet to communicate its strategic ideas for Antarctica. Unlike the EU's engagement with the Arctic region, which is acknowledged to be both coherent and substantive, the southern polar region is best described as an emerging area of interest. However, this could all change...

The European Union has yet to communicate its strategic ideas for Antarctica. Unlike the EU's engagement with the Arctic region, which is acknowledged to be both coherent and substantive, the southern polar region is best described as an emerging area of interest. However, this could all change...

A hybrid machine learning (ML) aided experimental approach was proposed in this study to evaluate the growth kinetics of Candida antarctica for lipase production. Different ML models were trained and optimized to predict the growth curves at various substrate concentrations. Results on...

A hybrid machine learning (ML) aided experimental approach was proposed in this study to evaluate the growth kinetics of Candida antarctica for lipase production. Different ML models were trained and optimized to predict the growth curves at various substrate concentrations. Results on...

Plastic debris is transported by ocean currents over long distances, reaching remote areas, far from its original source. In Polar Regions, microplastics (MPs) may come from local activities or be transported from lower latitudes, the former being the likely source. Although historically...

In this study, Candida Antarctica lipase B (CalB) was covalently immobilized on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles by sortase-mediated immobilization as well as a chemical attachment approach. Sortase is a transpeptidase that provides one-step purification and targeted...

The potential impact of coronavirus on human impact both in Antarctica through tourism and scientific research as well as the Antarctic Treat System is reviewed over three time periods. In the short term, to April 2021, Antarctic tourism and field-based science will be severely reduced. The...

Due diligence standards have been read into treaty provisions for the protection for the environment and beyond in a wide range of international legal settings. The compliance provision of the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, Article 13, invites a similar...

As the most inhospitable continent on Earth, Antarctica has more than 90% of its territory covered with ice and contains around 70% of all potable water in the world. Its proximity to South America is especially relevant to Brazil, which includes it in the country’s strategic surrounding area....

Antarctica was only discovered in 1773 by Captain Cook, who first crossed the southern polar circle searching for the terra australis. It constitutes about 9% of the Earth's landmass and almost 14 million square kilometres of its surface. Approximately 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice, which...

Regulating access and benefit sharing of Antarctica's ex situ genetic resources is surprisingly complex. While the Antarctic Treaty System is silent on the issue, national access and benefit sharing frameworks may apply on a case-by-case basis depending on the timing, circumstances and nature of...

This book discusses to what extent the precautionary approach to fisheries management is reflected in the MSC Fisheries Standard and in the certification of four clusters of fisheries in polar waters. Certification according to private sustainability standards (ecolabelling) has become an...

The purpose of this paper is to determine the status of Antarctica in international law, taking into account the effect of the Antarctic Treaty on Antarctica's legal status, and the extent to which this has been altered or affected by the major additions to the Antarctic Treaty System since its...

This short article tracks Brazil's emergence as a central force in the mobilization of the quot;G20 Plus,quot; a block of developing nations committed to global agricultural trade reform. The article also considers Brazil's performance on the quot;battlefield[s] of commercequot; and concludes...

The recent assertion of maritime jurisdiction by Australian courts over a Japanese whaling company for acts contrary to Australian law in the Antarctic Southern Ocean is alarming. Private litigation, based on an internationally disputed claim to sovereignty over Antarctic territory and a further...

This paper examines how the EU can best use its powers to establish marine protected areas (MPAs) in Antarctica. It first discusses the EU's role in Antarctic governance and legal basis for the EU's actions, with particular focus on the pending Joined Cases C-625/15 and C-659/16 at the Court of...

Maritime activity in the Antarctic region goes back to the 18th Century. It evolved from exploration and discoveries to commercial activities, especially sealing and whaling. Antarctic tourism is a more recent phenomenon, developing gradually from the 1960s. Today, more than 20.000 tourists...

The global commons are resource domains or areas which no nation exerts sovereignty over. Three typical global commons include the deep seabed, Antarctica and outer space. These domains are considered important due to not only their abundant resources, but also for the security of mankind. These...

Tourism in the Antarctic is increasing rapidly and it is expected that it will increase further in coming years. This Chapter discusses the issue of international regulation of Antarctic tourism; the assessment, prevention and regulation of cumulative impacts; and the status and possible...

In 2009, the 1959 Antarctic Treaty celebrates its fiftieth anniversary. Over its fifty-year existence the Treaty and the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) built upon it, have promoted freedom of scientific research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Despite the many successes of the Antarctic...

In 2007 and 2008, students from Tilburg University (the Netherlands) collected 269 responses on a questionnaire about Antarctica and its management. Respondents in the Netherlands clearly supported protecting Antarctica as a wilderness, and acknowledged Antarctica's importance as part of the...

Florian C. Kleemann erarbeitet erstmals für die internationale Logistik ein fundiertes Regionenprofil der Antarktis, des weißen Kontinents am südlichen Ende der Welt. Der Autor analysiert dabei logistische Rahmenbedingungen im Bereich Politik, Recht, Wirtschaft und Klima. Fallstudienbasiert...

There has been increasing dissatisfaction with the way Arctic-wide cooperation under the Arctic Council operates. Scholars and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have taken up the idea of finding a new direction for the work of the Council by drawing on the experience of the other pole, the...

Purpose – Tourism in Antarctica is rapidly growing and diversifying, which raises concerns about its impacts and the robustness of the current regulatory regime. Focusing on the analysis of past developments and trends of Antarctic tourism, this paper aims to describe the future opportunities...

The paper analyzes the decline and final close down of the European Antarctic whaling industry in the 1950s and 60s. This industry had been led by British and Norwegian companies, which were now challenged by Japan and Soviet Union that completely took over Antarctic whaling for the next...

Intergenerational equity has rarely been related to the management of Antarctica. This contribution discusses the question to what extent the principle of intergenerational equity has been implemented in the Antarctic Region through the instruments of the Antarctic Treaty system (ATS). A...

Should the entire Antarctic continent and the surrounding islands be recognised as a ‘protected area' or as a continent where certain areas, just like anywhere else, may be designated as protected areas? To find an answer to this question, this paper first discusses the most important...

In 2008 the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) recognised the vast bulk of Australia’s submission concerning the outer limits of its continental shelf. Around half of the Australian continental shelf beyond 200 nm as approved by the CLCS is in the Southern...

Tourism in Antarctica is rapidly growing and diversifying, which raises concerns about its effects on the environment. Research and policy-making efforts have so far focused on the impacts on Antarctica's own ecosystems, whereas global impacts have all but been ignored. This article presents an...

For the 100th anniversary of the Race to the South Pole, Leading at the Edge offers a fresh look at what Sir Ernest Shackleton's legendary Antarctic adventure can teach us about true leadership. The book reveals 10 timeless leadership lessons that will help bring order to chaos - and achieve...

1. The setting -- 2. The United States in Antarctica : past -- 3. Other national interests -- 4. The Antarctic treaty -- 5. Resource issues emerge -- 6. Resources drive diplomacy -- 7. The United States in Antarctica : present and future -- 8. The future of the Antarctic Treaty.

The Common Heritage of Mankind has been a prominent constituent when seeking to define the legal status of the global commons. However, the concept of Common Heritage of Mankind has never been clearly defined and its elements, whilst agreed upon among States in principle, are often subject to...