This study provides an assessment of Ukraine’s transport workforce and skills landscape during a period of profound change. As maritime and air routes remain suspended, road freight, road passenger, and urban public transport have become the backbone of domestic and international mobility, and...

This paper studies how employment subsidies for start-ups shape their performance. We exploit an unexpected policy reform in Belgium that permanently exempted start-ups hiring their first employee from payroll taxes for that employee. Using firm-level administrative data and a...

Colombia has a complex legal framework meant to protect the population against basic risks through a combination of contributory and non-contributory social insurance. The population is almost perfectly split between them, with eligibility to participate in the latter determined by poverty....

Long-term unemployment among older workers is particularly difficult to overcome. We study the impacts of a large-scale job guarantee program that offered up to two years of fully subsidized employment to long-term unemployed individuals aged 50 and above. Using a sharp age-based discontinuity...

We find a substantial and long-lasting positive effect of the introduction of regional minimum wages on training incidence and intensity. We apply a stacked difference-in-differences estimation to identify the dynamic effect of high minimum wages introduced in several Swiss cantons between 2018...

Integration agreements (IA) outline the efforts the jobseeker should undertake to find employment and specify the services that the caseworker would provide to assist them in their job search. The agreements include a declaration of legal consequences, and punitive benefit sanctions could be...

This paper examines the welfare implications of job retention schemes, where governments subsidize employers to preserve jobs during downturns. Using EU microdata from 2003 to 2018, we show that such schemes are associated with lower job separation rates, especially among lower-productivity...

The demand and supply of new skills—especially in IT and AI—are reshaping labor markets, impacting wages and hiring. About one in ten job vacancies in advanced economies demands at least one new skill, often appearing first in the United States. The incidence is about half in emerging...

Cooperation between different actors in business innovation is crucial for economic development and supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examines the relationship between innovation cooperation and the employment objectives of firms, such as job maintenance and creation....

We provide experimental evidence on how employers adjust expectations to automation risk in high-skill, white-collar work. Using a randomized information intervention among tax advisors in Germany, we show that firms systematically underestimate automatability. Information provision raises risk...

We provide experimental evidence on how employers adjust expectations to automation risk in high-skill, white-collar work. Using a randomized information intervention among tax advisors in Germany, we show that firms systematically underestimate automatability. Information provision raises risk...

This paper provides the first experimental evidence on the long-term effects of work-study programs, leveraging a randomized lottery design from a national program in Uruguay. Participation leads to a persistent 11 percent increase in formal labor earnings seven years after the program, driven...

This publication, based on contributions from members of the Cedefop community of apprenticeship experts, sheds light on how selected incentives for learners and employers participating in apprenticeships across Europe are designed, introduced and received by their target groups. The evidence...

The purpose of this study is to take a closer look at how different countries are progressing in the areas of employment and adult training, and to share the recommendations of those who know the realities on the ground best: employers' organisations, trade unions, and civil society...

The purpose of this study is to take a closer look at how different countries are progressing in the areas of employment and adult training, and to share the recommendations of those who know the realities on the ground best: employers' organisations, trade unions, and civil society...

The Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe report provides an in-depth analysis of recent labour market and wage developments in the EU, the euro area and Member States, primarily from a macroeconomic perspective. This year's report takes a deeper look at one of the most pressing issues...

The partnership with Africa is a key geopolitical priority for the European Union (EU), driven by our close economic, cultural, and geographical ties, as well as a shared history and common interests. The African Union (AU)-EU High Level Policy Dialogue (HLPD) on Science, Technology and...

We examine how labor market institutions shape monetary policy transmission in euro area countries. A theoretical model suggests that higher union density flattens the Phillips curve, amplifying output responses while dampening the inflation effects of monetary shocks. This is empirically...

This paper explores a development strategy for peripheral economies by advocating for a paradigm shift from traditional economic models that rely on accumulating foreign reserves. It proposes the job guarantee policy, an automatic stabilizer based on a reserve pool of employed individuals, as a...

As the main objective of a low-carbon transition policy is to achieve green and sustainable development and since employment is related to people's livelihoods, will the low-carbon transition affect employment? Based on data from 2000-2022 for prefecture-level cities and above, we use in this...

We provide experimental evidence on how employers adjust expectations to automation risk in high-skill, white-collar work. Using a randomized information intervention among tax advisors in Germany, we show that firms systematically underestimate automatability. Information provision raises risk...

This policy brief, based on contributions by members of Cedefop Community of apprenticeship experts, presents different approaches to providing incentives for learners and employers in apprenticeship across Europe. It discusses the suitability, effectiveness and sustainability of these...

This paper discusses the role of social protection and labor (SPL) policies in complementing green transition policies by both mitigating the potential negative impacts of the transition on workers and low-income households and by enabling people to take advantage of emerging opportunities. The...

The Blue Economy is a transformative approach to sustainable development that balances economic growth, job creation, and environmental conservation by harnessing ocean resources responsibly. It serves as a key pillar in diversifying the economy, strengthening food security, and generating...