This paper estimates the returns to education in Arkansas-one of the last states to extend compulsory schooling-using ACS 2023 data and the 1987 Compulsory Schooling Law (CSL) reform as an instrument. OLS estimates imply returns of 9.5-10.4 percent per year of schooling. The CSL reform increased...

The main aim of this paper is to empirically assess the impact of education and tax revenue onfostering new business creation in the OECD countries. To this end, we employ fixed effects and random effects models using panel data from 2006 to 2022, incorporating alternative conditions. Results...

Firm training is key to meeting changing skill demands, yet little is known about the role of workers' beliefs in shaping training participation. In a survey of 3,701 workers in Germany, we document that they expect substantial returns to firm training - both in terms of earnings and...

Exposure to extreme weather events and other adverse shocks has led to an increasing number of humanitarian crises in developing countries in recent years. These events cause acute suffering and compromise future welfare by adversely impacting human capital formation among vulnerable...

The objective of this policy note is to provide an overview of the status of digital skills in Nigeria from a comparative perspective and understand how prepared educational institutions are to help develop the digital skills of the population. First, the note summarizes the status of access to...

This paper provides insights into human capital investments during wartime by presenting evidence from three experiments of an online tutoring program for Ukrainian students amid Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Conducted between early 2023 and mid-2024, the experiments reached nearly 10,000...

This report's focus on fiscal matters complements ongoing work on megatrends involving labor markets, skills, demographics and climate (KP-1) and institutional matters (KP-2). The present KP-3 is not meant to be exhaustive in discussing the full range of financing and spending details in the...

This paper estimates the direct and indirect effects of agriculture on health and nutrition using nationally representative survey data collected by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics in 1994, 1997, 2005 and 2015. The models estimated serve as examples of general frameworks that can be used...

Estimates disclosure of human capital management for Chinese listed companies. Investigate the patterns of the disclosure of human capital management across industries and regions. Examine the determinants of human capital management disclosure in China. Examine the association between human...

We provide new evidence on intergenerational social mobility among immigrants and natives in France. Using linked parent–child data from censuses, we introduce an individual-level metric - the Intergenerational Rank Difference (IRD) - that measures upward and downward mobility relative to the...

This paper studies how labor demand factors - specifically worker substitutability and job‑specific skills - shape employment responses to a rise in the early retirement age. Using a regression discontinuity design, I exploit a 1999 German reform that eliminated the option for women to retire...

This study explores the relationship between intellectual capital and the economic performance of academic spin-offs (ASOs). ASOs are hybrid ventures, distinct from more typical startups and small and medium enterprises because their founders pursue both research and market objectives. Using a...

Policymakers' main focus is economic growth, particularly in areas like BIMSTEC where structural problems and globalization's influences greatly affect paths of development. With special focus on the moderating function of globalization, this study examines the link between physical capital,...

This study investigates the impact of financial development (FD) on energy security risk (ESR) in 48 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries from 1948 to 2022, emphasizing the roles of human capital (HC) and institutional quality (IQ). Findings reveal that FD significantly influences ESR, with...

The goal of economic development is to raise standards of living in LDCs, to be achieved by accumulating both human and non-human capital so as to maximize production net of the cost of these investments. An LDC economy is modelled with two sectors, modern and traditional, each of which uses its...

The widespread use of mobile devices among adolescents has led many schools and governments to consider or implement restrictions on their usage. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of school cellphone policies on student outcomes, focusing primarily on student well-being...

This paper constructs a new global historical database on public expenditure and revenue and their components—particularly education and health expenditure—covering all world regions over the 1800-2025 period. We document a large rise of human capital expenditure (as % of GDP) in all parts...

This paper examines the evolution and determinants of skill-specific internal mobility among Italian citizens by urban-rural origin. Using administrative data from the Registry of Transfer of Residence (ADELE), which records the universe of skill-specific bilateral moves across more than 700...

The paper examines the association between fertility and female wage employment in Kenya using nationally representative cross-sectional data collected by the Kenya's National Bureau of Statistics, a government-owned statistical organization. Two findings emerge from our analysis. The first...

International tourism has helped numerous economies and regions over the years in achieving the objective of long-term sustainable economic growth. The "Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)" is the rising hub for international tourism due to its rich history, rich vibrant culture,...

This article introduces a novel approach to decomposing the Blinder-Oaxaca gender wage gap using pseudo-panel data. In many developing countries, panel data are not available; however, understanding the evolution of the gender wage gap over time requires tracking individuals longitudinally. When...

This study investigates the process of selecting the inaugural chief executive officer (CEO) in nascent social ventures, emphasizing the unique qualities required due to these ventures' dual social and economic objectives.This study integrates human capital theory and gender expectancy violation...