Bank guarantees are the most widely used instrument to secure contract performance in commercial law, both nationally and internationally. They are commonly employed in sales contracts and during the execution of foreign investment projects. Establishing a bank guarantee is prompt and effective...

The proposed revision of the Swiss Banking Act introduces a public liquidity backstop (PLB) for distressed systemically important banks (SIBs), in part to facilitate resolution. We examine the impact of the PLB on fiscal balances, societal welfare, and the incentives of bank shareholders and...

This paper explores the intersection of climate change policies with banking supervisory law. Statutory mandates define banking supervisory agencies' objectives, functions and powers. Policies that aim to address climate change risks appear fully germane to banking supervisors' main objective of...

Since its inception nearly a decade ago, the annual European System of Central Banks (ESCB) Legal Conference has become a vital forum for legal scholars, practitioners, supervisors, and central bankers. The 2024 edition of the ESCB Legal Conference builds on this tradition by addressing key...

Banking Union is crucial for European integration, ensuring financial stability in the single market for financial services. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) plays an essential role in interpreting and enforcing the legal framework of the Banking Union, especially regarding the...

We study the impact of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) on access to consumer credit since 1999 using an individual-level panel and three distinct identification strategies: a regression discontinuity design centered on a CRA-eligibility cutoff; a comparison of neighboring census blocks; and...

We study the impact of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) on access to consumer credit since 1999 using an individual-level panel and three distinct identification strategies: a regression discontinuity design centered on a CRA-eligibility cutoff; a comparison of neighboring census blocks; and...

We investigate the empirical relationship between macroeconomic risk, bank liquidity, and bank risk surrounding the 1999 Financial Services Modernization Act. We propose that bank risk and liquidity are positively related as macroeconomic risk increases, and that this effect is particularly...

Data are produced every single instant in the modern era of technological breakthroughs we live in today and is correctly termed as the lifeblood of today's world; whether it is Google or Meta, everyone depends on data to survive. But, with the immense surge in technological boom comes several...

We study the impact of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) on access to consumer credit since 1999 using an individual-level panel and three distinct identification strategies: a regression discontinuity design centered on a CRA-eligibility cutoff; a comparison of neighboring census blocks; and...

Chapter 1: The System of Rules and Layers of Regulation -- PART I: THE PRUDENTIAL FRAMEWORK -- Chapter 2: Authorisation Requirements -- Chapter 3: Prudential Regulation (1): Minimum Capital Requirements, Capital Buffers, and Related Ratios -- Chapter 4: Prudential Regulation (2): Liquidity...

Chapter 1: The principle of proportionality as an area of national discretion -- Chapter 2: Options and Discretions under the Capital Requirements Directive IV -- Chapter 3: The application of National Law by the ECB -- Chapter 4: The Corneli Case and the Application of National Law by the...

Mit der Markets in crypto assets regulation (MiCAR) reguliert der europäische Gesetzgeber als eine der ersten Legislaturen künftig umfassend Dienstleistungen mit Kryptowerten bzw. Kryptotoken. Eine system- und themenorientierte Gesamtsicht auf die wegweisende neue Verordnung bietet Ihnen jetzt...

Das Kontokorrent bildet die Grundlage für laufende Bankkonten und ermöglicht die Erfassung von Gutschriften und Belastungen. Eine umfassende gesetzliche Regelung fehlt jedoch, besonders zur Wirkung der Verrechnung im Rahmen des Rechnungsabschlusses. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die ständige...

Panel I: Resolution transfer tools: legal challenges and impact of digitalisation -- Chapter 1: The Bridge Institution Tool in the Banking Union: When and How? -- Chapter 2: The Bridge Institution Tool: The Indispensable Second-Best? -- Chapter 3: Sale of Business Tool from the Experience Gained...

"How regulating the banks became a separate and strange category of government power. Banks are unlike most other businesses, and over centuries, regulating banks has become a category of government power all its own. For some, the appropriate role of those supervising the banks approximates...

The federal government’s primary financial-regulatory tool for combating wealth inequality is broken. Intended to push banks towards deeper engagement with lower-income and minority communities, the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977 has failed to meaningfully reduce the prevalence of...

After the removal of geographic restrictions on branching in 2006, China’s city commercial banks (CCBs) can apply for permission to branch outside their province. This paper shows that CCBs report a higher provision coverage ratio (PCR) before filing an application, thereby making the bank...

The definitions of banking, and particularly the definition aggrandized under the Banking Act, were drafted in so a rigid manner that they failed to possess futuristic qualities and foresight in light of the greatly and ever evolving field of finance. An analysis of these definitions indeed...

We investigate the impact of bank disclosure regulations on local business activities by exploiting the 2005 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) reform, which exempted a group of banks from federal mandatory disclosure requirements for geographic loan distribution. We find that low and moderate...

After the removal of geographic restrictions on branching in 2006, China’s city commercial banks (CCBs) can apply for permission to branch outside their province. This paper shows that CCBs report a higher provision coverage ratio (PCR) before filing an application, thereby making the bank...

The great financial crisis and the euro area crisis led to a substantial reform of financial safety nets across Europe and - critically - to the introduction of supranational elements. Specifically, a supranational supervisor was established for the euro area, with discrete arrangements for...

This paper analyzes how bank regulation that promotes greater access to credit impacts the financing of targeted small firms. It develops a model where banks compete with trade creditors to fund small firms and applies it to study the effects of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). The...