In response to the growing trend of sustainable development in various countries, the specific advantages driving outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by multinational corporations have undergone significant changes. The emphasis on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors and the...

Are carbon emissions priced in equity markets? The literature is split with different approaches yielding conflicting results. We develop a stylized model showing that, if emissions are priced, stock returns depend on expected emissions and the product of the innovation in emissions and the...

We develop a methodology to estimate the cost of capital using credit registry microdata, and apply it to study capital allocation efficiency in the United States. Our measure incorporates the contractual interest rate, expected default probability, recovery rate, and expectations of future...

The paper aims at elucidating and solving the methodological problems around the estimation of the cost of capital in the project finance settings. By convention, capital budgeting analysts evaluate project finance ventures using the free cash flow for equity (FCFE) method, whereby cash flows,...

The global energy transition, essential for achieving climate goals and sustainable development, faces significant challenges, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies. These challenges include high capital costs, policy inconsistencies, debt burdens, and limited mobilization of...

Expected returns, variances, betas, and alphas are all non-linear functions of the investment horizon. This seems to be a fatal conceptual problem for the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which assumes a unique common horizon for all investors. We show that under the standard assumptions, the...

In the context of improving the multi-level capital market structure and promoting common prosperity, we examine the impact of NEEQ's (National Equities Exchange and Quotations) tiered system on corporate labour share. We find that the corporate labour share significantly increases when the firm...

This paper examines the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure on the cost of capital for banks as well as financial technology companies in Europe, America, and Asia from 2010 to 2024. The study investigates how sustainability affects financing conditions in the two...

This research explores the relationship between a company's commitment to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors and its capital equity cost (COE) in the Chinese market. Using statistical methods like regression analysis, the study aims to uncover how ESG disclosure relates to COE....

The purpose of the Bank for International Settlements regulatory agenda, as implemented by financial regulators globally, has been to make banks safer and reduce the likelihood of systemic events. Using an original model of bank profit maximisation under a regulatory constraint, we statistically...

This study uses a survey approach to investigate how managers associated with thirty (30) firm characteristics subgroups apply thirty-seven (37) investment decision techniques in practice in a frontier market covering: capital budgeting, cost of equity, cost of capital, and adjustments for other...

Are carbon emissions priced in equity markets? The literature is split with different approaches yielding conflicting results. We develop a stylized model showing that, if emissions are priced, stock returns depend on expected emissions and the product of the innovation in emissions and the...

This study examines the impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on financing costs from the dual perspectives of risk management and relative value creation based on corporate value maximization objectives. Data were manually collected from the listed companies in China. It is...

We used difference-in-differences research design to investigate the effect of the outbreak of extreme environmental events near firms' headquarters on the cost of debt.Using a sample of Chinese firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-Share markets from 2004 to 2020, we find that treated...

This study investigates the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on the cost of capital, using a sample of 406 non-financial companies in the United Kingdom from 2014 to 2023. We examined how ESG performance and audit quality influence the cost of equity (CoE), cost...

We investigate the effect of female directors on the firm cost of equity capital.We employ several analytical techniques, including univariate analysis, Ordinary Least Square regressions, and propensity score matching methodology. Our sample consists of US public firms from 2004-2018.We find...

Using a novel worldwide dataset of 5,264 syndicated loans issued to 329 firms from 2006 to 2021, we study how climate-related litigation risk affects firm's cost of borrowing. We find robust empirical evidence that firms targeted by climate lawsuits pay significantly higher spreads on their bank...