Agency problem between shareholders and creditors can be reduced by two mechanisms namely reputation-building and debt covenant. Prior studies document supporting evidence for both hypotheses with a positive relationship between creditor rights and dividend policy. However, they fail to test...

Agency problem between shareholders and creditors can be reduced by two mechanisms namely reputation-building and debt covenant. Prior studies document supporting evidence for both hypotheses with a positive relationship between creditor rights and dividend policy. However, they fail to test...

Sovereign governments owe debt to many foreign creditors and can choose which creditors to favor when making payments. This paper documents the de facto seniority structure of sovereign debt using new data on defaults (missed payments or arrears) and creditor losses in debt restructuring...

The paper aims to argue the importance of the external debt and of its structure for the management of macroeconomic policies. The survey focused on the period 2006-2017, in order to reveal the effects of Romania's joining the European Union on the trend of the external debt of and of its...

The paper shows that international government borrowing from multilateral development banks is countercyclical while international government borrowing form private sector lenders is procyclical. The countercyclicality of official lending is mostly driven by the behavior of the World Bank...

Credit derivatives allow creditors to transfer debt cash flow rights to other market participants while retaining control rights. Theory predicts that this transfer can create empty creditors that do not fully internalize liquidation costs and liquidate borrowers excessively often. This empty...

The paper shows that international government borrowing from multilateral development banks is countercyclical while international government borrowing form private sector lenders is procyclical. The countercyclicality of official lending is mostly driven by the behavior of the World Bank...

We conjecture that lenders' decisions to provide liquidity are affected by the extent to which they internalize negative spillovers. We show that lenders with a large share of loans outstanding in an industry provide liquidity to industries in distress when spillovers are expected to be strong,...

Die Finanzmarktregulierung ist auch eine Frage sozialer Nachhaltigkeit. Ist sie unzureichend, können Ungleichgewichte verschärft werden: privaten Gewinnen stehen dann soziale Verluste gegenüber. Trotz der Finanzmarktkrise profi tieren Vermögende stärker von Anlagen auf den Finanzmärkten....

Creditors are increasingly transferring debt cash flow rights to other market participants while retaining control rights. We use the market for credit default swaps (CDSs) as a laboratory to show that such debt decoupling causes large adverse effects on firms whose shareholders have high...

Credit derivatives give creditors the possibility to transfer debt cash flow rights to other market participants while retaining control rights. We use the market for credit default swaps (CDSs) as a laboratory to show that the real effects of such debt unbundling crucially hinge on shareholder...

Who are the dominant owners of US public debt? Is it widely held, or concentrated in the hands of a few? Does ownership of public debt give these bondholders power over our government? What do we make of the fact that foreign-owned debt has ballooned to nearly 50 percent today? Until now, we...

Credit derivatives give creditors the possibility to transfer debt cash flow rights to other market participants while retaining control rights. We use the market for credit default swaps (CDSs) as a laboratory to show that the real effects of such debt unbundling crucially hinge on shareholder...

The foreign debt is a solution for supplementing the internal savings. The objectives of the article2 are to analyze the evolution of Romania’s medium and long-term foreign debt and of its components between 2005 and 2013, as well as the structure by creditors of the medium and long term...

Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss...

Advanced systems of domestic corporate law generally apply a “no reflective loss” principle to shareholder claims. Shareholder claims are permitted for direct injury to shareholder rights (such as voting rights). But shareholders generally cannot bring claims for reflective loss incurred as...

The Act on Financing and Pre-bankruptcy Settlement entered into force on October 2012. Government proposed Act as a response to fast growing illiquidity and insolvency. Years of irresponsible business operations brought many enterprises to the edge. There were two excuses for bringing Act. First...

I examine the effect of credit default swaps (CDSs) on the restructuring of distressed firms. Theoretically, I show that if bondholders are insured with CDSs, the participation rate in a restructuring decreases. Using a sample of distressed exchange offers, I estimate that the participation rate...

Most business people think of the business plans when they starting a new business or submitting documentation for accessing the funding source. The business plan involves a thinking perspective on the business, beginning from the set objectives, includes all the stages and resources they need...

According to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, most of the recommendations made by the Committee in their earlier Report (21st Report) on the Companies Bill, 2009 have been accepted by the Government and incorporated in the Companies Bill, 2011. In a statement furnished to the Committee, they...

Resilient growth is observed in 2012 in Seychelles. Weakness in tourism has been offset by increases from less-traditional markets. The current account and adjustments has administered prices in the second half of 2011, and a cycle of depreciation and inflation ensued. The fiscal accounts...

This article is a report of the IMF Executive Board’s program for Antigua and Barbuda. The Stand-By Arrangement program was developed as a response to the looming fiscal crisis, which resulted in large fiscal deficits and debts similar to the global crisis. The program is approved to...

Economic activity continued to shrink in St. Kitts and Nevis in 2012 on account of a sharp slowdown in the construction sector. Despite the sluggish global environment, the authorities have continued to successfully implement their economic program. Inflation has stabilized. The external...

Claims by company shareholders seeking damages from governments for so-called "reflective loss" now make up a substantial part of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) caseload. (Shareholders’ reflective loss is incurred as a result of injury to “their” company, typically a loss in...