In the catalogue of "Sustainable Development Goals" approved by the UN General Assembly in September 2015, financial market regulation is mainly described as an issue of social sustainability. This classification is appropriate because inadequate regulation leads to imbalances between profits...

Who are the dominant owners of US public debt? Is it widely held, or concentrated in the hands of a few? Does ownership of public debt give these bondholders power over our government? What do we make of the fact that foreign-owned debt has ballooned to nearly 50 percent today? Until now, we...

The foreign debt is a solution for supplementing the internal savings. The objectives of the article2 are to analyze the evolution of Romania’s medium and long-term foreign debt and of its components between 2005 and 2013, as well as the structure by creditors of the medium and long term...

The Act on Financing and Pre-bankruptcy Settlement entered into force on October 2012. Government proposed Act as a response to fast growing illiquidity and insolvency. Years of irresponsible business operations brought many enterprises to the edge. There were two excuses for bringing Act. First...

Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss...

Advanced systems of domestic corporate law generally apply a “no reflective loss” principle to shareholder claims. Shareholder claims are permitted for direct injury to shareholder rights (such as voting rights). But shareholders generally cannot bring claims for reflective loss incurred as...

Introduction : public debt, inequality and power -- The spectacle of a highly centralized public debt -- The bondholding class resurgent -- Fiscal conflict : past and present -- Bonding domestic and foreign owners -- Who rules the debt state? -- Conclusion : informing democratic debate --...

Most business people think of the business plans when they starting a new business or submitting documentation for accessing the funding source. The business plan involves a thinking perspective on the business, beginning from the set objectives, includes all the stages and resources they need...

Resilient growth is observed in 2012 in Seychelles. Weakness in tourism has been offset by increases from less-traditional markets. The current account and adjustments has administered prices in the second half of 2011, and a cycle of depreciation and inflation ensued. The fiscal accounts...

This article is a report of the IMF Executive Board’s program for Antigua and Barbuda. The Stand-By Arrangement program was developed as a response to the looming fiscal crisis, which resulted in large fiscal deficits and debts similar to the global crisis. The program is approved to...

Economic activity continued to shrink in St. Kitts and Nevis in 2012 on account of a sharp slowdown in the construction sector. Despite the sluggish global environment, the authorities have continued to successfully implement their economic program. Inflation has stabilized. The external...

Claims by company shareholders seeking damages from governments for so-called "reflective loss" now make up a substantial part of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) caseload. (Shareholders’ reflective loss is incurred as a result of injury to “their” company, typically a loss in...

According to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, most of the recommendations made by the Committee in their earlier Report (21st Report) on the Companies Bill, 2009 have been accepted by the Government and incorporated in the Companies Bill, 2011. In a statement furnished to the Committee, they...

The paper examines the determinants of remittance inflow by applying ordinary least square method (OLS). The model include the weighted average GDP of the six (Saudi Arabia (KSA), United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, Kuwait, USA and UK) remittance sending host countries which contributed more...

This paper finds optimal fiscal rule parameter values and measures the effects of imposing fiscal rules using a default model calibrated to an economy that in the absence of a fiscal rule pays a significant sovereign default premium. The paper also studies the case in which the government...

This paper incorporates house price risk and mortgages into a standard incomplete market (SIM) model. The model is calibrated to match U.S. data and accounts for non-targeted features of the data such as the distribution of down payments, the life-cycle profile of home ownership, and the...

In April 2009, the Boards of Executive Directors of the International Development Association (IDA) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed that Côte d’Ivoire had met the requirements for reaching the decision point under the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)...

The Second Review Under the Stand-By Arrangement with St. Kitts and Nevis highlights that economic activity continued to contract in 2011 while the current account balance improved and banks remained sound. All quantitative performance criteria for end-December 2011 were met, and the structural...

The Angolan government’s efforts to achieve macroeconomic stability to bring inflation and fiscal deficit considerably down are paying off despite high vulnerability to oil revenue shocks. The expected overall growth of up to 7 percent will be contributed to by increased oil production,...

This paper discusses key findings of the Eighth Review under the Extended Credit Facility for Liberia. Economic activity in Liberia remains on a solid upward trend. Inflation has nudged higher owing to rising international fuel prices and elevated food prices. The authorities’ immediate...

Afghanistan’s development, humanitarian, and governance challenges are formidable. Afghanistan is in its transition to become self-reliant. To achieve this goal, the government requires donor support. The IMF-supported economic program tries to address key macroeconomic challenges and...

Seychelles’s fiscal stance for 2012 allows maintaining a steady course toward debt reduction. The authorities’ decisions to downsize the loss-making national airline and raise tariffs of public enterprises are crucial steps for easing fiscal pressures and ensuring sufficient...

Burundi’s economy has continued to grow at a slower pace than envisaged owing to the impact of food and fuel shocks on aggregate demand. The macroeconomic outlook remains broadly positive but subject to risks that emanate from the security situation and the external environment. The...

At the height of the Great Depression a number of leading U.S. economists advanced a proposal for monetary reform that became known as the Chicago Plan. It envisaged the separation of the monetary and credit functions of the banking system, by requiring 100% reserve backing for deposits. Irving...

Under the impact of all the tensions generated by the global financial crisis that degenerated into an economic crisis, the EU is subject to new tests of strength, due to increased risk of sovereign debt of the countries belonging to the PIIGS Group. The year 2011 had a maximum strength for the...

Выделены и классифицированы факторы, влияющие на результаты конкурсного производства, дана характеристика каждого из них. Рассматриваются способы повышения...

This paper discusses the request from Gambian authorities for a three-year arrangement under the extended credit facility (ECF). The Gambian economy performed well during the previous IMF arrangement, which expired at the end of March 2011; however, there were slippages under the program. The...

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of pertinent issues on sovereign debt restructurings, based on a newly constructed database. This is the first complete dataset of sovereign restructuring cases, covering the six decades from 1950–2010; it includes 186 debt exchanges with foreign...

Economic activity is estimated to have softened below program expectations in January-March 2012, due to a continued contraction in the construction sector which dominated a relatively strong outturn in tourism. Despite this growth underperformance and the continued global uncertainty, the...

The key issue facing Congo is how to use oil and mineral resources effectively in support of inclusive growth. Economic conditions are supportive--macroeconomic stability is in place, the terms of trade are favorable, and the external position is strong. External risks are mitigated by...

This paper is an account of Seychelles’ monetary efforts to establish its position in 2012. After the recovery in 2008, the country had solid growth through 2011. The important threat was external risks, which could lower tourist inflows, and piracy. Alternatively, the authorities were...

In this study, against the background of deteriorating external conditions owing to the global crisis, a 28-month Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) for the Dominican Republic is reviewed. The objective is to limit the procyclicality of policies in the short term. The macroeconomic situation has...

In this study, owing to the global financial crisis, a Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) for the Dominican Republic was approved. The aim is to limit the procyclical policies in the short-term and discussions focused on policies necessary to ensure that the end-2011 and 2011 targets are observed....

Seychelles's economy has recovered strongly from the debt crisis and global recession, owing to high foreign direct investment and a rebound in tourism. Inflation remained near zero, and the country continued to rebuild its international reserves and reduce public debt. In 2011, the policy mix...

This paper discusses Togo’s progress under the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative. In November 2008, the Boards of Executive Directors of the IDA and the IMF agreed that Togo had met the requirements for reaching the decision point under the Enhanced HIPC...

In this study, macroeconomic development, its performance, and outlook are reviewed. Narrowing of the infrastructure gap and public financial management (PFM) are focused to safeguard investment quality. Fiscal reform has been introduced to improve the design of the tax system and to strengthen...