The work provides a method for classifying blockchains and crypto-assets, facilitating their comparison for business and regulatory purposes. Blockchains - and more generally systems based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) - adopt different technologic configurations, each distinguished by...

Abstract Where established financial literacy initiatives fail to keep pace with rapidly evolving digital asset markets, new customer learning environments emerge. In the context of crypto assets and the blockchain ecosystem, platform providers, ranging from trading platforms to specialized...

Decentralised finance (DeFi) has attracted attention from investors and regulators, as the latest and arguably most innovative development in the crypto area. This article assesses the development of DeFi, its distinctive features, and the risks it raises to ESMA's objectives, with a view to...

This paper provides an overview of recent analytical work1 conducted, under their own aegis, by experts from various European authorities and institutions in the field of crypto-asset monitoring. Currently, risks stemming from crypto-assets and the potential implications for central banking...

Decentralised Finance applications aim to replicate existing financial products and services from the highly regulated Traditional Finance (TradFi) system using the distributed ledger technology and smart contracts. An open, multi-layered and composable architecture has facilitated the...

Decentralised Finance applications aim to replicate existing financial products and services from the highly regulated Traditional Finance (TradFi) system using the distributed ledger technology and smart contracts. An open, multi-layered and composable architecture has facilitated the...

Decentralised Finance applications aim to replicate existing financial products and services from the highly regulated Traditional Finance (TradFi) system using the distributed ledger technology and smart contracts. An open, multi-layered and composable architecture has facilitated the...

After providing a general overview of the nature, pros, and cons of crypto assets and CBDCs, this paper focuses on documenting their recent experience in LAC. The region records a high interest in unbacked crypto assets and stablecoins and its authorities' policy responses have varied...

This paper explores the current use of crypto-assets for payments, focusing mostly on unbacked crypto-assets, while selectively referring to stablecoins. Although some specific characteristics of crypto-assets, such as their price volatility and unclear legal settlement, render them unsuitable...

The technological evolution has not only opened new frontiers but has also become an indispensable part of our daily lives. However, the technology that enhances our lives presents a dual reality-it offers opportunities for criminals while creating challenges for law enforcement. Fraud,...

This paper provides an overview of recent analytical work1 conducted, under their own aegis, by experts from various European authorities and institutions in the field of crypto-asset monitoring. Currently, risks stemming from crypto-assets and the potential implications for central banking...

This study examines crypto-asset trading, focusing on regulatory violations that lead to enforcement actions and the impact of estate planning after a digital asset holder's death. We review the literature on crypto-asset estate planning and explore lessons from Islamic finance regarding crypto...

After providing a general overview of the nature, pros, and cons of crypto assets and CBDCs, this paper focuses on documenting their recent experience in LAC. The region records a high interest in unbacked crypto assets and stablecoins and its authorities' policy responses have varied...

"There is currently no comprehensive scientific study that addresses the problem of financing projects using Distributed Ledger (blockchain) Technology (DLT) that are not themselves embedded in the blockchain ecosystem, particularly in the context of long-term and capital-intensive investments....

Mit der Markets in crypto assets regulation (MiCAR) reguliert der europäische Gesetzgeber als eine der ersten Legislaturen künftig umfassend Dienstleistungen mit Kryptowerten bzw. Kryptotoken. Eine system- und themenorientierte Gesamtsicht auf die wegweisende neue Verordnung bietet Ihnen jetzt...

Der 29. Juni 2023 ist ein historischer Moment für die Regulierung von Bitcoin, Stablecoins und anderen Kryptowerten, denn zu diesem Datum ist die EU-Verordnung über Märkte für Kryptowerte (MiCAR) in Kraft getreten. Ab 30. Dezember 2024 werden alle Regeln anwendbar sein.Die MiCAR schafft das...

Mit der Verordnung über Märkte für Kryptowerte (MiCAR) und der Verordnung über eine Pilotregelung für auf der Distributed-Ledger-Technologie basierende Marktinfrastrukturen (DLT-Pilotregelung) hat die Europäische Union ein unionsweit einheitliches Regime zur Regulierung der Ausgabe von und...

Aufgrund des rasanten Wachstums, das der Markt für Non-fungible Token im Jahr 2021 erfahren hat, ist das Thema deutlich präsenter geworden. Auch Personen, die sich zuvor nicht mit dem Thema Kryptoassets auseinandergesetzt haben, finden Interesse daran. Was genau sich hinter dem Begriff NFT...

Crypto assets' partial money-like use promotes toxic developments in the financial system. Even though crypto assets might be regarded as close substitutes to traditional money, we show that they lack important functions of money. Traditional fiat money requires several interacting institutions...

After the initial surge in decentralized finance, widespread public adoption did not materialize. A predominant portion of the populace harbors distrust towards the crypto asset market. Conversely, banks, serving as intermediaries in financial management, enjoy heightened trust. The contemporary...

The purpose of this research paper is to compare and analyse how crypto-assets are regulated in the UK and Germany. The aim is to understand and highlight the approaches taken by these two countries in terms of regulating crypto-assets and to explore the potential impact that their regulatory...

The European Union is aiming to foster digital transformation in all sectors by 2030. It has pioneered cross-sectoral legislation on artificial intelligence, cloud computing services and crypto-assets for this purpose. Yet compared with the work done on ESG, the prospective banking regulation...

This paper explores a monetary experiment, the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador in 2021, to analyze the impact of digital currencies on international capital flows. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that, instead of making transfers easier, El Salvador's...

Purpose The new technology-enabled means to transfer funds or value via crypto assets have prompted regulators and supervisors to question the effectiveness of the anti-money laundering (AML) regulatory framework. This paper aims to examine the recent developments of the EU AML legislation –...