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  • Search: subject_exact:"Drogenkonsum"
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Year of publication
Subject
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Drogenkonsum 1,194 Drug consumption 1,051 USA 383 United States 358 Drogenpolitik 262 Drug policy 230 Droge 226 Drug 222 Arzneimittel 150 Pharmaceuticals 149 Alkoholkonsum 143 Schätzung 136 Alcohol consumption 131 Theorie 124 Jugendliche 123 Estimation 121 Youth 121 Theory 118 Cannabis 82 Kriminalität 76 Rauchen 73 Australien 71 Australia 70 Crime 70 Wirkungsanalyse 68 Impact assessment 66 Smoking 63 Mortality 57 Sterblichkeit 57 Gesundheitspolitik 56 Welt 55 Health policy 54 World 54 Deutschland 51 Preiselastizität 43 Price elasticity 42 Gesundheit 37 Health 37 Sucht 36 Preis 35
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Online availability
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Free 519 Undetermined 156
Type of publication
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Book / Working Paper 805 Article 371 Journal 17 Other 1
Type of publication (narrower categories)
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Graue Literatur 348 Non-commercial literature 348 Working Paper 340 Article in journal 329 Aufsatz in Zeitschrift 329 Arbeitspapier 309 Aufsatz im Buch 43 Book section 43 Amtsdruckschrift 34 Government document 34 Collection of articles of several authors 18 Sammelwerk 18 Konferenzschrift 12 Dissertation u.a. Prüfungsschriften 11 Hochschulschrift 10 Aufsatzsammlung 9 Statistik 9 Thesis 9 Collection of articles written by one author 8 Sammlung 8 No longer published / No longer aquired 7 Forschungsbericht 6 Systematic review 6 Übersichtsarbeit 6 Bibliografie enthalten 5 Bibliography included 5 Conference proceedings 5 Statistics 5 Bericht 4 Case study 3 Fallstudie 3 Annual report 2 Bibliografie 2 Conference paper 2 Jahresbericht 2 Konferenzbeitrag 2 Reprint 2 Article 1 Bibliographie 1 Biografie 1
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Language
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English 1,072 German 72 French 19 Undetermined 14 Spanish 11 Russian 4 Italian 2 Danish 1 Hungarian 1 Dutch 1 Polish 1 Portuguese 1
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Author
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Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo 48 Ours, Jan C. van 43 Williams, Jenny 37 Dave, Dhaval 32 Kaestner, Robert 26 Markowitz, Sara 24 Powell, David 24 Grossman, Michael 23 Rees, Daniel I. 21 Anderson, D. Mark 18 Tauchmann, Harald 18 Chaloupka, Frank J. 17 Maclean, Johanna Catherine 17 Miron, Jeffrey A. 14 Ruhm, Christopher J. 14 Hansen, Benjamin 13 Pudney, Stephen E. 13 Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line 12 Evans, William N. 12 Saffer, Henry 12 Chatterji, Pinka 11 Entorf, Horst 11 Corman, Hope 10 Göhlmann, Silja 10 MacDonald, Ziggy 10 Sabia, Joseph J. 10 Schmidt, Christoph M. 10 Meara, Ellen 9 Reichman, Nancy E. 9 Caulkins, Jonathan P. 8 Clements, Kenneth W. 8 Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma 8 Weber, Caroline 8 Winker, Peter 8 Farrelly, Matthew C. 7 Jacobi, Liana 7 Miller, Keaton 7 Noonan, Kelly 7 Zhao, Xueyan 7 Alpert, Abby 6
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Institution
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National Bureau of Economic Research 81 Europäische Kommission / Beobachtungsstelle für Drogen und Drogensucht 19 Vereinte Nationen / Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention 7 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 5 Public Sector Economics Research Centre <Leicester> 4 Vereinte Nationen / Office on Drugs and Crime 4 University of Leicester / Department of Economics 3 Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training 2 European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research / European Opinion Research Group 2 Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz 2 Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Inneres 2 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 2 Kanada / Criminal Intelligence Service 2 OECD 2 Afican Studies Center, University of Florida, Gainesville 1 Amt für Amtliche Veröffentlichungen 1 Bundesanstalt für Agrarwirtschaft 1 Bureau of Economic and Business Research <Champaign, Ill.> 1 Center for Economic Research <Tilburg> 1 Center for Mental Health Services <Rockville, Md.> 1 Central Treaty Organization 1 Claremont Institute for Economic Policy Studies 1 Deloitte & Touche Europe Services 1 EOS Gallup Europe <Wavre> 1 Euro-Ibero American Seminar Cooperation on Drugs and Drug Addiction Policies <1998, Porto, Portugal> 1 Europarat 1 Europarat / Co-Operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs 1 European Conference on the Evaluation of Drug Prevention <2, 1999, Straßburg> 1 Europäische Kommission 1 Europäische Kommission / Direktion Gesundheit und Sicherheit 1 Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Arbeitsbeziehungen und Soziale Angelegenheiten 1 Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Kommunikation 1 Evaluation Partnership <Twickenham> 1 Frankreich / Section des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 1 Görres-Gesellschaft zur Pflege der Wissenschaft 1 Independent Institute 1 Information Resources Management Association 1 Institut für Wirtschaftswissenschaften <Klagenfurt> / Abteilung Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik 1 Institut national de la recherche agronomique <Paris> 1
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Published in...
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Working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 114 NBER working paper series 80 NBER Working Paper 58 Discussion paper series / IZA 26 Journal of health economics 19 IZA Discussion Paper 17 Discussion paper / Center for Economic Research, Tilburg University 16 Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 15 Health economics 12 IZA Discussion Papers 12 The journal of law & economics 10 Applied economics 9 The review of economics and statistics 8 Economic inquiry : journal of the Western Economic Association International 6 Journal of economic behavior & organization : JEBO 6 Journal of illicit economies and development : JIED 6 Journal of sports economics 6 The economic analysis of substance use and abuse : an integration of econometric and behavioral economic research 6 Contemporary economic policy : a journal of Western Economic Association International 5 Eastern economic journal 5 International review of law and economics 5 Journal of human resources : JHR 5 The American economic review 5 Understanding and responding to drug use : the role of qualitative research 5 Working papers 5 De economist : Netherlands economic review ; quarterly review of the Royal Netherlands Economic Association 4 Economics of education review 4 Empirical economics : a journal of the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria 4 Journal of applied econometrics 4 Journal of population economics 4 Journal of public economics 4 National tax journal 4 The European journal of health economics : HEPAC ; health economics in prevention and care 4 The economic record : er 4 The journal of socio-economics 4 Working papers / University of Connecticut, Department of Economics 4 Discussion paper 3 Discussion papers / University of Leicester, Department of Economics 3 Discussion papers in public sector economics 3 Diskussionsbeiträge des Instituts für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Universität Klagenfurt 3
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Source
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ECONIS (ZBW) 1,060 USB Cologne (EcoSocSci) 92 EconStor 34 ArchiDok 7 BASE 1
Showing 1 - 50 of 1,194
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Innovation in healthcare management : drug decriminalization for reducing the health damage from crime
Aliyeva, Zamina - In: Marketing i menedžment innovacij : m&mi (2022) 1, pp. 37-57
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Community-based initiatives in preventing and combatting drug abuse in a South African township
Machethe, Petrus; Obioha, Emeka E.; Mofokeng, Jacob T. - In: International Journal of Research in Business and … 11 (2022) 1, pp. 209-220
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The reconstruction of rehabilitation for addictives and drug abuses in human rights perspective
Prastiyo, Wawan Edi - In: International Journal of Research in Business and … 11 (2022) 1, pp. 379-389
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Convergence and Divergence of Alcohol and Marijuana Regulation in a Federalist System
Pace, H. Justin - 2022
Marijuana prohibition ended in Canada in 2018 when marijuana was legalized at the federal level. Marijuana prohibition in the United States has de factor ended in a large percentage of states as marijuana has been legalized at the state level (even while it remains illegal under federal law)....
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Analysis of Aromatic Substances in Different Flavored Cigarette Paper by Using Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spec-Trometry (Hs-Gc-Ims)
Li, Chao; LI, E’xian; YOU, Junheng; LIU, Jinyun; … - 2022
In order to investigate the difference of aromatic substances among flavored cigarette paper, which supplied by several manufacturers with different batches, the stability of the complex system of scented cigarette paper was analyzed and evaluated. In this study, H eadspace-gas...
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Drug Biotransformation Modeling on Maldi Target Using Multiwell Photocatalytic Microreactor Device
Gorbunov, Alexander; Bardin, Alexander; Ilyushonok, Semyon - 2022
Metabolic conversion of drugs to chemically reactive products, known as bioactivation, is considered to underlie the adverse drug reactions such as idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. As bioactivation of most drugs involves phase I oxidation, UV-induced TiO 2 photocatalytic oxidation (UV/TiO 2 -PCO)...
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Trends in Pharmaceutical Analysis to Foster Modern Drug Discovery by Comparative In-Silico Profiling of Drugs and Related Substances
Ganorkar, Saurabh B.; Vander Heyden, Yvan - 2022
Pharmaceutical drug analysis (PDA), besides quantifying drugs and related substances (RS), can enrich drug discovery (DD) by suggesting new leads. PDA may be extended towards comparative in-silico predictions for drugs and RS. This may lead to the assessment of drug likeliness of nontoxic RS as...
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Multi-Functional Microneedles for Sustained Drug Release and Combinatory Treatment of Biofilms
Zheng, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Linjun; Xiong, Chengfeng; Zhu, … - 2022
Cutaneous infections involving pathogenic biofilms cannot be effectively treated by topical therapies, partially due to the resistance and the poor penetration of therapeutics. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-functional microneedle device that can penetrate through the stratum...
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Pdt-Sensitized Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanosystem for Maximizing Antitumor Potency of Multi-Target Drugs Through Effective and Homogeneous Drug Release
Yin, Tingjie; Tong, Yuqing; Yang, Mengnan; Liu, Yanqi; … - 2022
The benefits of multi-target drugs in oncotherapy are often hindered by their multi-target nature and tissue-nonspecific distribution. To maximize the multi-target antitumor potency with reduced side effects, we proposed a ROS/pH-dual responsive nanosystem (DP) constructed from biocompatible...
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Recreational Marijuana Dispensaries and Fatal Car Crashes
Caputi, Theodore - 2022
Fatal car crashes are a leading cause of death among younger Americans and have become a central concern in the US marijuana policy debate. I provide new evidence on the effect of marijuana on traffic fatalities by exploiting zip code level data on the opening of recreational marijuana...
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High Compliance, a Lex Lata Legalization for the Non-Medical Cannabis Industry : How to Regulate Recreational Cannabis in Accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1...
Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi - 2022
In the current legal landscape, it is possible to craft policy that combats drug abuse and drug harms, protects human rights, and complies with international drug control law in good faith, by regulating the recreational uses of cannabis products rather than outlawing them. This essay proposes...
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Original Intent : Whether Recent Reforms Signal a Legislative Break from Marijuana Criminalization Under the Controlled Substances Act
Kim, Oliver - 2022
As part of a Nixon-era set of reforms, the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was not intended to be a harsh, punitive approach but in the intervening years, the CSA lost its original purpose as political winds changed in ways that focused more on punitive approaches to drug control. Moreover, the...
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Reimagining U.S. Drug Policy Post-Pandemic
DeWitt, Samuel - 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic caused increased drug use and a widespread decline in mental health throughout American society. Yet, despite the unprecedented pandemic, society as a whole has shown an impressive ability to adapt to new ways of living, suggesting that a dramatically different version of...
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Supercapacitive Performance of Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes Using Hydrothermally Grown Ti Doped Wo3 Nanoflakes
Tarwal, N. L.; Patil, V.B; Mujawar, S.H; Mulla, I.S; … - 2022
The demand for high-performance energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries has been increasing to meet the application requirements of renewable energy systems. Here, high energy and power density Ti doped WO 3 supercapacitor is reported based on the modified glassy...
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The Drug Crisis and the Living Arrangements of Children
Buckles, Kasey; Evans, William N.; Lieber, Ethan - 2022
We examine the impact of the drug crisis that has unfolded over the last three decades in the United States on children’s living arrangements and environments. Because the current living arrangement could be a result of events that occurred at any point in a child’s life, we measure...
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Substance Abuse During the Pandemic : Implications for Labor-Force Participation
Greenwood, Jeremy; Guner, Nezih; Kopecky, Karen A. - 2022
The labor-force participation rates of prime-age U.S. workers dropped in March 2020—the start of the COVID-19 pandemic—and have still not fully recovered. At the same time, substance-abuse deaths were elevated during the pandemic relative to trend indicating an increase in the number of...
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Teenage Driving, Mortality, and Risky Behaviors
Huh, Jason; Reif, Julian - 2022
We investigate the effect of teenage driving on mortality and risky behaviors in the United States using a regression discontinuity design. We estimate that motor vehicle fatalities rise by 40% at the minimum legal driving age cutoff, implying a mortality risk per additional mile driven 6-9...
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Did the Medicaid Expansion Crowd Out Other Payment Sources for Medications for Opioid Use Disorder? Evidence from Rhode Island
Burke, Mary A.; Sullivan, Riley - 2022
Using information from the all-payer claims database for Rhode Island covering more than three-quarters of health insurance enrollees in the state from April 2011 through May 2019, this paper offers new measures of the association between the Medicaid expansion and the rate of receipt of...
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The Opioid Safety Initiative and Veteran Suicides
Tibbitts, Joshua; Cowan, Benjamin - 2022
We investigate the relationship between opioid diverting policy and suicides among the U.S. veteran population. The opioid epidemic of the past two decades has had devastating health consequences among U.S. veterans and military personnel. In 2013, the Veterans Health Administration (VA)...
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Carrot or Stick? The Effect of Supply-Side Regulations on Opioid Prescription Rates and Overdose Mortality
Josephson, Brett; Vadakkepatt, Gautham; Greenwood, Brad N. - 2022
The opioid epidemic continues to wreak havoc across the United States. To abate the crisis, state policymakers have enacted both supply-side (i.e., restrictions on physicians and pharmacies) and demand-side (i.e., managing customer demand) regulations to curb the pernicious effect of unfettered...
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Lethal Unemployment Bonuses? Substitution and Income Effects on Substance Abuse, 2020-21
Mulligan, Casey B. - 2022
Marginal prices fell, and disposable incomes increased, for drug and alcohol consumers during the pandemic. Most of the amount, timing, and composition of the 240,000 deaths involving alcohol and drugs since early 2020 can be explained by income effects and category-specific price changes. For...
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Ensuring Effective HR Policies on Substance Use Disorders
Kerr, David S.; Russell, Alex; Smith, Murphy - 2022
Alcohol and other drug use disorders are among the most difficult problems facing many employers and society at large. Business firms and other organizations can establish policies that help workers avoid and overcome substance use disorder. This article describes the extensive negative...
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Condoning More Codones : Florida's Opioid Trafficking Law and Opioid Mortality1
Chang, Eunsik - 2022
Conditional on a set population of opioid-dependents, opioid fatalities are a function of the total quantity available and the ease of accessing that quantity. While other studies examine policy changes affecting aggregate supply, I focus on the effects of easing access by changing the trade...
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Prenatal substance use policies and newborn health
Meinhofer, Angélica; Witman, Allison; Maclean, Johanna … - In: Health economics 31 (2022) 7, pp. 1452-1467
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Substance abuse during the pandemic : implications for labor-force participation
Greenwood, Jeremy; Guner, Nezih; Kopecky, Karen A. - 2022
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U.S. State Approaches to Cannabis Licensing
Wang, Lucy Xiaolu; Wilson, Nicholas - 2022
U.S. states have taken varied approaches to licensing cannabis businesses under federal prohibition, but up to now there is limited research on cross-state licensing approaches. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the current licensing strategies taken by all states that have passed...
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Greek myth or fact? : the role of Greek houses in alcohol and drug violations on American campuses
Raghav, Manu; Diette, Timothy M. - 2022 - This version: March 1, 2022
Greek-letter student social groups, better known as fraternities and sororities, are a ubiquitous feature on many American higher education campuses. These organizations, especially fraternities, have a reputation for encouraging unruly and improper behavior among both members and non-members....
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Substance abuse during the pandemic : implications for labor-force participation
Greenwood, Jeremy; Guner, Nezih; Kopecky, Karen A. - 2022
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Planning for Pandemic and Epidemic-Related Drug Scarcity
Kumar, Sapna; Santos Rutschman, Ana - 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted problems regarding scarcity of lifesaving medicines. During pandemics and epidemics, a sudden surge in demand for medicines is often unmatched on the supply side. Moreover, the same intellectual property rights that are supposed to incentivize their creation...
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A Study on Patented Ayurvedic Drugs in Kerala
Benny, Vipin - 2022
Ayurveda medicine system has a strong background in Indian culture. Modernized practices derived from Ayurvedic culture is used as alternative medicine in the field of Ayurveda. In this system of medicine, there is a belief that, through Ayurveda protocols, any substance can be changed into...
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Beyond Opioids : The Effect of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on Non-Opioid Drug Prescribing
Beheshti, David; Kim, Bokyung - 2022
A growing literature has examined how mandatory access prescription drug monitoring programs (MA PDMPs), laws that require providers to consider a patient's prescription history before prescribing controlled substances, affect opioid-related outcomes. However, little is known about their impact...
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Prices and Federal Policies in Opioid Markets
Mulligan, Casey B. - 2022
More than a dozen Federal policy changes since the year 2000 have affected incentives to prescribe, manufacture, and purchase both prescription and illicitly-manufactured opioids. To the extent that one of the policies, the 2013 “Holder memo,” had a meaningful effect on the cost structure of...
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The Effect of Payday Loan Restrictions on Suicides and Drug Overdoses
Lu, Thanh - 2022
In this paper, I study the role of payday loan restrictions on suicide and overdose deaths. Payday lenders offer ``quick cash'' and charge high fees relative to the principle loan amounts. Concerns about payday loans trapping borrowers in debt have led 21 U.S. states and the District of Columbia...
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The Opioid Epidemic Was Not Caused by Economic Distress But by Factors that Could Be More Rapidly Addressed
Currie, Janet; Schwandt, Hannes - 2022
Without the opioid epidemic, American life expectancy would not have declined prior to 2020. In turn, the epidemic was sparked by the development and marketing of a new generation of prescription opioids and provider behavior is still helping to drive it. There is little relationship between the...
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The Regulatabilization of Cannabis
Kochan, Donald J. - 2022
With the change in legal status, marijuana is not really being legalized or even just decriminalized. It is being made regulatable or, to coin a phrase, regulatabilized. Markets in illegal goods — along with the goods’ creation, cultivation, distribution, taxation, sale, etc. — are...
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The Impact of the Opioid Crisis on Firm Value and Investment
Ouimet, Paige; Simintzi, Elena; Ye, Kailei - 2021
The opioid crisis has implications for firms which must now contend with a lower supply of workers. Consistent with a labor shortage explanation, we find a negative effect of instrumented opioid prescriptions on subsequent individual employment. Similarly, we show a negative relationship between...
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The Success of Cannabis Legalization : Evidence from Banking Transactions
Horak, Bohdan; Frei, Christoph - 2021
Using data on banking transactions, we analyze how people changed their spending behaviour when recreational cannabis became legal in Canada. In the data set, we identify people with purchases in a cannabis store after the legalization. We apply a difference-in-difference approach to compare...
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Half Banked : The Economic Impact of Cash Management in the Marijuana Industry
Berger, Elizabeth; Seegert, Nathan - 2021
We investigate the economic consequences of access to banking institutions. To do so, we examine the legal marijuana industry, where only half of businesses have access to cash management services from a financial institution. We quantify the benefits of cash management in terms of differences...
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Individual Behaviors and Substance Use : The Role of Price
Grossman, Michael - 2021
I discuss economic approaches to the demand for harmfully addictive substances and estimate time-series demand functions for the period from 1975 through 2003. My estimates suggest that changes in price can explain a good deal of the observed changes in cigarette smoking, binge alcohol drinking,...
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Sustainable Cannabis Policy Toolkit
Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi - 2021
A comprehensive toolkit –for decision-makers, researchers, advocates, and stakeholders– to understand why an appropriate policy address to cannabis is critical if we are to achieve sustainable, resilient, fair, and modern societies. Updated and extended version of the previous progress...
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Determinants of Drug Injection Behavior : Economic Factors, HIV Injection Risk and Needle Exchange Programs
DeSimone, Jeffrey S. - 2021
This study examines the effects of local cocaine and heroin prices, AIDS rates, and needle exchange programs on drug injection and needle sharing by adult male arrestees in 24 large U.S. cities during 1989 1995. Regressions that control for personal characteristics including income, fixed city...
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Marijuana Taxation : Theory and Practice
Leff, Benjamin M. - 2021
Marijuana legalization creates a host of complex legal problems, not the least of which is how to best tax the emerging legal market. This Essay attempts to bridge the gap between tax theory and marijuana policy to make some modest claims. First, it roots the discussion of state-level marijuana...
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A Behavioral Economic Analysis of Polydrug Abuse in Heroin Addicts
Petry, Nancy M.; Bickel, Warren K. - 2021
Polydrug abuse is common among substance abusers, but few empirical or theoretical methods accurately characterize this phenomenon. This chapter describes a simulation paradigm that was developed to apply a behavioral economic analysis to understanding polydrug abuse. Heroin abusers 'purchased'...
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The Impact of Maternal Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use on Children'S Behavior Problems : Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey
Chatterji, Pinka; Markowitz, Sara - 2021
This study uses data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test for evidence of a causal relationship between maternal alcohol use, marijuana use and cocaine use, and children's behavior problems. Ordinary least squares results provide strong evidence that maternal...
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Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students : Economic Complements or Substitutes?
Williams, Jenny; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo; Chaloupka, … - 2021
College campuses have been cracking down on underage and binge drinking in light of recent highly publicized student deaths. Although there is evidence showing that stricter college alcohol policies have been effective at discouraging both drinking in general and frequent binge drinking on...
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Opioid Crisis and Real Estate Prices
Custodio, Claudia; Cvijanovic, Dragana; Wiedemann, Moritz - 2021
This paper estimates the impact of opioid abuse on real estate prices. We exploit the variation in opioid prescriptions induced by the staggered passage of state laws intending to limit the abuse of opioids. We document a long-term negative relationship between opioid prescriptions and...
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Drug Use and Afdc Participation : Is There a Connection?
Kaestner, Robert - 2021
Drug use and welfare are two serious social problems that have received widespread public attention. Recently, it has been suggested that illicit drug use is a major cause of welfare, although there is only anecdotal evidence to support such a claim. This paper provides the first systematic...
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The Labor Supply Consequences of the Opioid Crisis
Powell, David - 2021
An emerging literature considers the role of the opioid crisis on labor outcomes, suggesting that increased access to opioids may have led to decreased national labor supply. This paper uses the introduction of OxyContin and geographic variation in its launch to study the labor supply...
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The Effect of Illicit Drug Use on the Wages of Young Adults
Kaestner, Robert - 2021
This paper examines the effects of cocaine and marijuana use on the wages of a sample of young adults drawn from the NLS Youth Cohort. The endogeneity of drug use in a wage equation is considered and a 2SLS procedure is implemented. The rather surprising results suggest that for this sample,...
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The Effects of Cocaine and Heroin Prices on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits
Dave, Dhaval - 2021
This paper estimates the empirical relationship between the prices of cocaine and heroin and objective indicators of use. The set of outcomes is drug related hospital emergency department admissions where cocaine and heroin are cited, for 21 large U.S. metropolitan areas. These outcomes are...
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